Snowball sampling BBA Chapter 5

Data Management Report

Authors
Affiliations

Rainer M. Krug

Tuan Nguyen

Published

January 30, 2024

Doi
Abstract

A snowball literature using OpenAlex will be conducted and all steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.

DOI GitHub release GitHub commits since latest release License: CC BY 4.0

Working Title

Literature search for BBA Chapter 5 Section 5.1

Code repo

IPBES_BBA_Ch5_R&R

Version 0.1.0 Build No 110

Read Key-paper

Code
#|

kp <- jsonlite::read_json(params$keypapers)

dois <- sapply(
    kp,
    function(x) {
        x$DOI
    }
) |>
    unlist() |>
    unique() |>
    as.character()

dois <- dois[!is.null(dois)]

Of the 16 keypapers, 12 have a DOI and can be used for the further search.

Searches

Searches are conducted with the OpenAlex API. The API is documented here.

Get key_works

Code
#|

fn <- file.path("data", "key_works.rds")
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    key_works <- oa_fetch(
        entity = "works",
        doi = dois,
        verbose = FALSE
    )
    saveRDS(key_works, fn)
} else {
    key_works <- readRDS(fn)
}

key_works_cit <- IPBES.R::abbreviate_authors(key_works)

Setup OpenAlex usage and do snowball serarch

Code
#|

ids <- openalexR:::shorten_oaid(key_works$id)

fn <- file.path("data", "snowball.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
    snowball <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
    snowball <- oa_snowball(
        identifier = ids,
        verbose = FALSE
    )
    saveRDS(snowball, fn)
}

flat_snow <- snowball2df(snowball) |>
    tibble::as_tibble()

Supplemented edges between all papers

Code
#|

fn <- file.path("data", "snowball_supplemented.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
    snowball_supplemented <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
    new_edges <- tibble(
        from = character(0),
        to = character(0)
    )

    works <- snowball$nodes$id

    for (i in 1:nrow(snowball$nodes)) {
        from <- works[[i]]
        to <- gsub("https://openalex.org/", "", snowball$nodes$referenced_works[[i]])
        to_in_works <- to[to %in% works]
        if (length(to_in_works) > 0) {
            new_edges <- add_row(
                new_edges,
                tibble(
                    from = from,
                    to = to_in_works
                )
            )
        }
    }

    snowball_supplemented <- snowball
    snowball_supplemented$edges <- add_row(snowball_supplemented$edges, new_edges) |>
        distinct()

    saveRDS(snowball_supplemented, fn)
}

Results

Number of papers cited by keypapers

Code
snowball$edges |>
    filter(from %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
    unique() |>
    mutate(
        cit = unlist(key_works_cit[from])
    ) |>
    select(cit) |>
    table() |>
    as.data.frame() |>
    arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
    knitr::kable(
        col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
        caption = "Number of papers cited by Keypapers in the snowball search"
    )
Number of papers cited by Keypapers in the snowball search
Key paper Number of papers
Panwar et al. (2022) 92
Feger & Mermet (2020) 88
Nedopil (2022) 81
Hassan et al. (2020) 68
Ermgassen et al. (2022) 53
Krause et al. (2020) 53
Boiral & Saizarbitoria (2017) 51
White et al. (2023) 51
Atupola & Gunarathne (2022) 40
Schaltegger et al. (2022) 39
Smith et al. (2019) 11
Lambooy & Levashova (2011) 7
Code
snowball$edges |>
    filter(to %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
    unique() |>
    mutate(
        cit = unlist(key_works_cit[to]),
    ) |>
    select(cit) |>
    table() |>
    as.data.frame() |>
    arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
    knitr::kable(
        col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
        caption = "No of papers citing the Keypapers in the snowball search"
    )
No of papers citing the Keypapers in the snowball search
Key paper Number of papers
Hassan et al. (2020) 52
Boiral & Saizarbitoria (2017) 40
Smith et al. (2019) 36
Lambooy & Levashova (2011) 31
Krause et al. (2020) 21
Ermgassen et al. (2022) 16
Panwar et al. (2022) 16
Feger & Mermet (2020) 14
Schaltegger et al. (2022) 9
Atupola & Gunarathne (2022) 8
White et al. (2023) 5
Nedopil (2022) 3

Export snowball as Excel file

``rvz #| label: openalex_excel #|

fn <- file.path(“.”, “data”, “snowball_excel.xlsx”) if (!file.exists(fn)) { IPBES.R::to_xlsx(snowball, fn) }


To download the Excel file with all references, plese [click here](data/snowball_excel.xlsx).

The column are: (the Concept columns are not that relevant at the moment)

-   **id**: internal id fromOpenAlex
-   **author**: authors of the paper
-   **publication_year**: publication year
-   **title**: title of the paper
-   **doi**: doi of the paper
-   **no_referenced_works**: number of references in the paper which are also in OpenAlex
-   **cited_global**: Number of times the paper has been cited
-   **cited_global_per_year**: standardised number of times cirted (cited_global / number of years published)
-   **no_connections**: number of connections in the rgaph, i.e. either cited or citing a paper in the snowball corpus
-   **concepts_l0**: Concept 0. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l1**: Concept 1. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l2**: Concept 2. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l3**: Concept 3. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l4**: Concept 4. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l5**: Concept 5. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **author_institute**: Institute of the authors
-   **institute_country**: Country of the institute
-   **abstract**: the abstract of the paper

### Static Citation Network Graph

#### Snowball Search

::: {.cell}

```{.r .cell-code}
#|

name <- "snowball"
if (
    any(
        !file.exists(
            c(
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.png")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.pdf")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.png")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.pdf"))
            )
        )
    )
) {
    snowball_p <- snowball

    for  (i in seq_along(key_works_cit)) {
        snowball_p$nodes$id[snowball_p$nodes$id %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
        snowball_p$edges$from[snowball_p$edges$from %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
        snowball_p$edges$to[snowball_p$edges$to %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
    }

    IPBES.R::plot_snowball(snowball_p, name = name, path = "figures")
    rm(snowball_p)
}

:::

Cited by count

To download the highres graph, please click here.

Supplemented Snowball Search

Code
# fn <- file.path("figures", "snowball_supplemented_cited_by_count.html")
# if (file.exists(fn)) {
#     htmltools::includeHTML(fn)
# } else {
IPBES.R::plot_snowball_interactive(
    snowball = snowball_supplemented,
    key_works = key_works,
    file = fn
)
Code
# }

To open the interactive graph in a standalone window click here.

Identification of references with more than one edge

This is the number of connections (connection_count)of the paper (id)

Code
#|

mult_edge <- flat_snow |>
    select(id, connection_count) |>
    filter(connection_count > 1) |>
    arrange(desc(connection_count))

links <- flat_snow |>
    filter(id %in% mult_edge$id)

links |>
    select(id, display_name, publication_year, doi, connection_count) |>
    arrange(desc(connection_count)) |>
    knitr::kable()
id display_name publication_year doi connection_count
W3004209126 Exploring factors relating to extinction disclosures: What motivates companies to report on biodiversity and species protection? 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2442 120
W4281953953 The uncomfortable relationship between business and biodiversity: Advancing research on business strategies for biodiversity protection 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3139 108
W3047230270 New Business Models for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management Services: Action Research With a Large Environmental Sector Company 2020 https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026620947145 102
W2623604874 Corporate commitment to biodiversity in mining and forestry: Identifying drivers from GRI reports 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.037 91
W4286223148 Integrating biodiversity into financial decision‐making: Challenges and four principles 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3208 84
W3096206810 What makes businesses commit to nature conservation? 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2650 74
W4307029606 Are corporate biodiversity commitments consistent with delivering ‘nature-positive’ outcomes? A review of ‘nature-positive’ definitions, company progress and challenges 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134798 69
W4312182732 Identifying opportunities to deliver effective and efficient outcomes from business-biodiversity action 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.12.003 56
W4281572040 Institutional pressures for corporate biodiversity management practices in the plantation sector: Evidence from the tea industry in Sri Lanka 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3143 48
W4283009762 Managing and accounting for corporate biodiversity contributions. Mapping the field 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3166 48
W2993436936 Biodiversity means business: Reframing global biodiversity goals for the private sector 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12690 47
W2134528020 Opportunities and challenges for private sector entrepreneurship and investment in biodiversity, ecosystem services and nature conservation 2011 https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2011.629632 38
W2900460206 Corporate reporting and conservation realities: Understanding differences in what businesses say and do regarding biodiversity 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1839 7
W2969260349 The evolution of corporate no net loss and net positive impact biodiversity commitments: Understanding appetite and addressing challenges 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2379 7
W2883740377 Using conservation science to advance corporate biodiversity accountability 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13190 6
W2065840971 Accounting for the Unaccountable: Biodiversity Reporting and Impression Management 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2497-9 5
W4321788242 Principles for using evidence to improve biodiversity impact mitigation by business 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3389 5
W2027193292 Managing Biodiversity Through Stakeholder Involvement: Why, Who, and for What Initiatives? 2015 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2668-3 4
W2056764751 Understanding changes in business strategies regarding biodiversity and ecosystem services 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.013 4
W2070209083 Problematising accounting for biodiversity 2013 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2013-1255 4
W2778636465 Corporate Biodiversity Management through Certifiable Standards 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2005 4
W2910752062 Improving corporate biodiversity management through employee involvement 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2273 4
W3038057993 Bringing sustainability to life: A framework to guide biodiversity indicator development for business performance management 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2573 4
W4387397656 Is biodiversity disclosure emerging as a key topic on the agenda of institutional investors? 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3587 4
W1999167944 Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet 2015 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855 3
W2110588853 Stakeholders and environmental management practices: an institutional framework 2004 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.409 3
W2133943540 Business, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity 2013 https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026613490173 3
W2169019517 A review of corporate goals of No Net Loss and Net Positive Impact on biodiversity 2014 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001476 3
W2782810353 Integrated extinction accounting and accountability: building an ark 2018 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-06-2017-2957 3
W2901004189 Four priorities for new links between conservation science and accounting research 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13254 3
W2904889945 Embedding biodiversity and ecosystem services in corporate sustainability: A strategy to enable Sustainable Development Goals 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.34 3
W3088975513 Biodiversity and extinction accounting for sustainable development: A systematic literature review and future research directions 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2649 3
W3138714179 Extinction accounting and accountability: Empirical evidence from the west European tissue industry 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2763 3
W3211798116 Biodiversity disclosure, sustainable development and environmental initiatives: Does board gender diversity matter? 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2929 3
W4281611865 Business, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Evidence from large‐scale survey data 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3141 3
W4293059051 Editorial 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3186 3
W4304192477 Biodiversity management approaches in small and innovative businesses: insights from asystems thinkingperspective 2022 https://doi.org/10.1108/srj-03-2022-0113 3
W4307852789 Determining the economic costs and benefits of conservation actions: A decision support framework 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12840 3
W4307918879 Investigating biodiversity and circular economy disclosure practices: Insights from global firms 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2402 3
W4386883218 Integrating Biodiversity into Business Strategy: Theoretical Foundations and Exemplary Cases 2023 https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1341425 3
W4386893707 Short‐term solutions to biodiversity conservation in portfolio construction: Forward‐looking disclosure and classification‐based metrics biodiversity conservation in portfolio construction 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3570 3
W1444047749 Bulldozing biodiversity: The economics of offsets and trading-in Nature 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.07.037 2
W1757989792 Leading by Example: A Model of Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1835 2
W1853397149 Planetary Boundaries: Ecological Foundations for Corporate Sustainability 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01073.x 2
W1979185175 Biodiversity reporting in Denmark 2013 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj:02-2013-1232 2
W1996435802 New Business Models for Biodiversity Conservation 2009 https://doi.org/10.1080/10549810902791481 2
W2053169259 Sustainable Development and Certification Practices: Lessons Learned and Prospects 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.701 2
W2056960121 Sustainability reports as simulacra? A counter-account of A and A+ GRI reports 2013 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2012-00998 2
W2058832374 A review of determinant factors of environmental proactivity 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.450 2
W2081327878 Biodiversity reporting in Sweden: corporate disclosure and preparers’ views 2013 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-02-2013-1228 2
W2108930428 Overexploiting marine ecosystem engineers: potential consequences for biodiversity 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02330-8 2
W2163177138 Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice 2013 https://doi.org/10.1017/s003060531200172x 2
W2623114543 From the Big Five to the Big Four? Exploring extinction accounting for the rhinoceros 2018 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2320 2
W2743053030 A blueprint towards accounting for the management of ecosystems 2017 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2360 2
W2743276478 Accounts of nature and the nature of accounts 2017 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-07-2017-3010 2
W2744356130 Best practices for corporate commitment to biodiversity: An organizing framework from GRI reports 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.012 2
W2784267580 The emancipatory potential of extinction accounting: Exploring current practice in integrated reports 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2017.12.001 2
W2786394464 Biodiversity and threatened species reporting by the top Fortune Global companies 2018 https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2016-2490 2
W2799473550 Institutional challenges for corporate participation in payments for ecosystem services (PES): insights from Southeast Asia 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0569-y 2
W2802385971 Dependency of Businesses on Flows of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study from the County of Dorset, UK 2018 https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051368 2
W2804041283 Palm oil supply chain complexity impedes implementation of corporate no-deforestation commitments 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.012 2
W2804246328 Integrating corporate social responsibility into conservation policy. The example of business commitments to contribute to the French National Biodiversity Strategy 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.05.007 2
W2889366632 Aiming higher to bend the curve of biodiversity loss 2018 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0130-0 2
W2910085412 Corporate biodiversity accounting and reporting in mega-diverse countries: An examination of indicators disclosed in sustainability reports 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.060 2
W2982548986 Net positive outcomes for nature 2019 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1022-z 2
W2984503917 The intention of companies to invest in biodiversity and ecosystem services credits through an online-marketplace 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.101026 2
W2995840337 Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change 2019 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3100 2
W3002382966 European firms’ corporate biodiversity disclosures and board gender diversity from 2002 to 2016 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2020.100893 2
W3003182401 Progress in natural capital accounting for ecosystems 2020 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz8901 2
W3113465337 Rethinking zero deforestation beyond 2020 to more equitably and effectively conserve tropical forests 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.007 2
W3122213255 An empirical assessment of assurance statements in sustainability reports: smoke screens or enlightening information? 2016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.089 2
W3122665788 Innovating with Nature: From Nature-Based Solutions to Nature-Based Enterprises 2021 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031263 2
W3165169375 Using technology to improve the management of development impacts on biodiversity 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2816 2
W3183653106 Corporate Payments for Ecosystem Services in Theory and Practice: Links to Economics, Business, and Sustainability 2021 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158307 2
W4206053917 Closing the Gap Between Knowledge and Implementation in Conservation Science: Concluding Remarks 2021 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81085-6_15 2
W4280528435 The making of imperfect indicators for biodiversity: A case study of UK biodiversity performance measurement 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3133 2
W4281559835 A resilience approach to corporate biodiversity impact measurement 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3140 2
W4292474513 Biodiversity accounting and reporting: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133677 2
W4311499193 Mainstreaming biodiversity in business decisions: Taking stock of tools and gaps 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109831 2
W4313407277 Implementing biodiversity reporting: insights from the case of the largest dairy company in China 2022 https://doi.org/10.1108/sampj-09-2021-0375 2
W4315707282 Nature-positive goals for an organization’s food consumption 2023 https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00660-2 2
W4319789152 Wildlife trafficking as a societal supply chain risk: Removing the parasite without damaging the host? 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12297 2
W4378087483 Exploring the prioritisation of biodiversity amongst small‐ to medium‐sized enterprise leaders with strong bigger‐than‐self value orientation 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3440 2
W4382940596 Biodiversity management: A supply chain practice view 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2023.100865 2
W4387685599 Extinction Accounting 2023 https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9076-1.ch003 2
W4388180518 Determinants of sustainability reporting: A systematic literature review 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2645 2
W4389802877 The inclusion of biodiversity into Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) framework: A strategic integration of ecocentric extinction accounting 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119808 2
W4390607495 Manage biodiversity risk exposure? 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.104989 2

Identification of Concepts

OpenAlex assigns all works concepts. The concepts are in hirarchical order, ranging from 0 to 3. The higher the number, the more specific the concept. The concepts are assigned to the paper (id)

Level 0

Code
#|

level <- 0
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
              if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
                return(NULL)
            } else {
                return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
            }
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l0_concept count
Biology 553
Business 531
Economics 428
Political science 388
Computer science 286
Geography 272
Sociology 200
Environmental science 181
Philosophy 161
Engineering 95
Psychology 95
Mathematics 79
Physics 69
Chemistry 52
Medicine 29
Geology 16
Art 15
History 13
Materials science 11

Level 1

Code
#|

level <- 1
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
              if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
                return(NULL)
            } else {
                return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
            }
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l1_concept count
Ecology 527
Environmental resource management 330
Law 316
Finance 181
Public relations 170
Environmental planning 163
Accounting 160
Marketing 154
Natural resource economics 131
Archaeology 120
Social science 100
Management 92
Epistemology 88
Machine learning 70
Programming language 67
Linguistics 62
Paleontology 61
Microeconomics 58
Knowledge management 52
Environmental economics 51
Artificial intelligence 46
Industrial organization 46
Process management 45
Economic growth 44
Quantum mechanics 44
Social psychology 42
Management science 41
Operating system 34
Demography 32
Mechanical engineering 32
Public economics 32
Agroforestry 30
Computer network 29
Statistics 29
Chromatography 27
Environmental ethics 26
Anthropology 25
Neuroscience 25
Biochemistry 22
Pure mathematics 21
Macroeconomics 20
World Wide Web 20
Cartography 19
Computer security 19
Environmental protection 18
Risk analysis (engineering) 18
Database 17
Econometrics 17
Law and economics 16
Evolutionary biology 15
Market economy 15
Pathology 15
Forestry 14
Data science 13
Mathematical analysis 13
Psychotherapist 13
Economic system 11
Engineering ethics 11
Geometry 11
International trade 11
Oceanography 10
Pedagogy 10
Psychoanalysis 10
Library science 9
Civil engineering 8
Communication 8
Composite material 8
Fishery 8
Humanities 8
Optics 8
Political economy 8
Psychiatry 8
Public administration 8
Thermodynamics 8
Agricultural economics 7
Algorithm 7
Economy 7
Literature 7
Nursing 7
Positive economics 7
Cognitive psychology 6
Crystallography 6
Electrical engineering 6
Embedded system 6
Genetics 6
Applied psychology 5
Earth science 5
Mathematics education 5
Physical geography 5
Telecommunications 5
Aerospace engineering 4
Environmental engineering 4
Mathematical economics 4
Operations management 4
Waste management 4
Advertising 3
Art history 3
Combinatorics 3
Development economics 3
Economic geography 3
Geotechnical engineering 3
Metallurgy 3
Meteorology 3
Physical chemistry 3
Soil science 3
Structural engineering 3
Actuarial science 2
Agronomy 2
Astrobiology 2
Biotechnology 2
Botany 2
Business administration 2
Classics 2
Computational biology 2
Developmental psychology 2
Economic policy 2
Environmental chemistry 2
Environmental health 2
Food science 2
Mathematical physics 2
Neoclassical economics 2
Operations research 2
Organic chemistry 2
Radiology 2
Zoology 2
Acoustics 1
Arithmetic 1
Astronomy 1
Astrophysics 1
Atmospheric sciences 1
Cell biology 1
Climatology 1
Cognitive science 1
Commerce 1
Control engineering 1
Data mining 1
Electronic engineering 1
Financial economics 1
Financial system 1
Geochemistry 1
Geomorphology 1
Internal medicine 1
International economics 1
Internet privacy 1
Keynesian economics 1
Labour economics 1
Medical education 1
Nanotechnology 1
Physical medicine and rehabilitation 1
Real-time computing 1
Reliability engineering 1
Remote sensing 1
Socioeconomics 1
Software engineering 1
Systems engineering 1
Theology 1
Transport engineering 1
Virology 1
Visual arts 1
Water resource management 1

Level 2

Code
#|

level <- 2
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
              if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
                return(NULL)
            } else {
                return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
            }
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l2_concept count
Biodiversity 251
Sustainability 200
Ecosystem 124
Corporate social responsibility 87
Politics 82
Sustainable development 77
Corporate governance 70
Context (archaeology) 69
Stakeholder 64
Habitat 58
Climate change 48
Value (mathematics) 48
Business model 36
Population 34
Action (physics) 32
Agriculture 32
Government (linguistics) 32
Qualitative research 32
Extinction (optical mineralogy) 30
Accountability 28
Diversity (politics) 28
Natural resource 28
Process (computing) 26
Sample (material) 26
Entrepreneurship 24
Certification 23
Work (physics) 23
Empirical research 22
Incentive 20
Resource (disambiguation) 20
Transparency (behavior) 20
Audit 19
Private sector 19
Supply chain 19
Scale (ratio) 18
China 17
Control (management) 17
Institutional theory 17
Payment 17
Consumption (sociology) 16
Perspective (graphical) 16
Quality (philosophy) 16
Service (business) 16
Stakeholder engagement 16
Business ethics 15
Content analysis 15
Natural (archaeology) 15
Normative 15
Order (exchange) 15
Perception 15
Production (economics) 15
Valuation (finance) 15
Deforestation (computer science) 14
Field (mathematics) 14
Greenhouse gas 14
Environmental accounting 13
Land use 13
Set (abstract data type) 13
Capital (architecture) 12
Gene 12
Relevance (law) 12
Social responsibility 12
Species richness 12
Credibility 11
Scope (computer science) 11
Tourism 11
Work in process 11
Agency (philosophy) 10
Empirical evidence 10
Environmental reporting 10
Index (typography) 10
Offset (computer science) 10
Extant taxon 9
Externality 9
Leverage (statistics) 9
Operationalization 9
Profitability index 9
Structural equation modeling 9
Wildlife 9
Adaptation (eye) 8
Affect (linguistics) 8
Alternative medicine 8
Conceptual framework 8
Creativity 8
Environmental impact assessment 8
Equity (law) 8
European union 8
Face (sociological concept) 8
Invasive species 8
Irrigation 8
IUCN Red List 8
Organizational behavior 8
Profit (economics) 8
Psychological resilience 8
Range (aeronautics) 8
Reputation 8
Tanzania 8
Typology 8
Variety (cybernetics) 8
Willingness to pay 8
Argument (complex analysis) 7
Business case 7
Corporation 7
Dimension (graph theory) 7
Environmental policy 7
Framing (construction) 7
Humanity 7
Introduced species 7
Mainstream 7
Panel data 7
Poverty 7
Productivity 7
Stock exchange 7
Transformative learning 7
Voluntary disclosure 7
Wetland 7
Accounting research 6
Commons 6
Conceptual model 6
Conservation biology 6
Crystal structure 6
Multinational corporation 6
Nexus (standard) 6
Organizational commitment 6
Position (finance) 6
Product (mathematics) 6
Property rights 6
Psychological intervention 6
Public good 6
Purchasing 6
Resilience (materials science) 6
Revenue 6
Scrutiny 6
Special education 6
Turnover 6
Abundance (ecology) 5
Amazon rainforest 5
CLARITY 5
Construct (python library) 5
Convention 5
Cost–benefit analysis 5
Earth system science 5
Embeddedness 5
Fishing 5
Flood myth 5
Forest management 5
Hierarchy 5
Logging 5
Mediation 5
MEDLINE 5
Negotiation 5
Palm oil 5
Phenomenon 5
Protected area 5
Social media 5
Stock (firearms) 5
Taxon 5
Test (biology) 5
Value proposition 5
Additionality 4
Anthropocentrism 4
Archetype 4
Asset (computer security) 4
Biosphere 4
Circular economy 4
Citizen journalism 4
Compensation (psychology) 4
Competitive advantage 4
Compliance (psychology) 4
Emerging markets 4
Enforcement 4
Fragmentation (computing) 4
General partnership 4
Identification (biology) 4
Legislation 4
License 4
Listing (finance) 4
Nature reserve 4
Norm (philosophy) 4
Overexploitation 4
Public health 4
Relation (database) 4
Space (punctuation) 4
State (computer science) 4
Strategic planning 4
Structuring 4
Underpinning 4
Upstream (networking) 4
Urban planning 4
Urbanization 4
Variance (accounting) 4
Vulnerability (computing) 4
Action plan 3
Annual report 3
Anthropocene 3
Aquatic ecosystem 3
Baseline (sea) 3
Best practice 3
Biomass (ecology) 3
Boundary (topology) 3
Bridging (networking) 3
Business ecosystem 3
Causality (physics) 3
Citation 3
Cognitive reframing 3
Commission 3
Common-pool resource 3
Competition (biology) 3
Conceptualization 3
Convergence (economics) 3
Discipline 3
Distribution (mathematics) 3
Domain (mathematical analysis) 3
Endogeneity 3
Energy (signal processing) 3
Environmental degradation 3
Environmental pollution 3
Environmental quality 3
Environmental regulation 3
Environmental stewardship 3
Explanatory power 3
Footprint 3
Function (biology) 3
Globalization 3
Gold mining 3
Green infrastructure 3
Human capital 3
Human resource management 3
Image (mathematics) 3
Impression management 3
Indigenous 3
Interpretation (philosophy) 3
Interview 3
Key (lock) 3
Legislature 3
Macro 3
Management accounting 3
Metaphor 3
Metric (unit) 3
Narrative 3
Nature Conservation 3
Niche 3
Nutrient 3
Partial least squares regression 3
Plan (archaeology) 3
Power (physics) 3
Procurement 3
Public sector 3
Ranking (information retrieval) 3
Renewable energy 3
Scientific evidence 3
Suite 3
Terminology 3
The Internet 3
Transaction cost 3
Trustworthiness 3
Unit (ring theory) 3
Value creation 3
Variables 3
Vegetation (pathology) 3
Watershed 3
Adaptive management 2
Afforestation 2
Ambidexterity 2
Attractiveness 2
Bacteria 2
Bandwidth (computing) 2
Bibliometrics 2
Business sector 2
Carbon dioxide 2
Cluster analysis 2
Coal 2
Cognition 2
Commit 2
Commodification 2
Commodity 2
Community-based conservation 2
Competitor analysis 2
Confusion 2
Content (measure theory) 2
Cost effectiveness 2
Counterfactual thinking 2
Cover (algebra) 2
Curriculum 2
Declaration 2
Delphi method 2
Descriptive statistics 2
Developing country 2
Disturbance (geology) 2
Divergence (linguistics) 2
Earth (classical element) 2
Ecological systems theory 2
Economic evaluation 2
Economic Justice 2
Endemism 2
Environmental compliance 2
Environmental studies 2
Exploratory research 2
Financial market 2
Fish 2
Focus (optics) 2
Focus group 2
Foreign direct investment 2
German 2
Goods and services 2
Granger causality 2
Grassland 2
Heuristic 2
Human rights 2
Hydrology (agriculture) 2
Impact assessment 2
Independence (probability theory) 2
Insider 2
Institutionalisation 2
Interdependence 2
Intermediary 2
International business 2
Interoperability 2
Intervention (counseling) 2
Mangrove 2
Marine conservation 2
Maturity (psychological) 2
Meaning (existential) 2
Measure (data warehouse) 2
Mindset 2
Moderation 2
Mythology 2
Neglect 2
Notice 2
Obligation 2
Officer 2
Ontology 2
Optimism 2
Organizational performance 2
Organizational theory 2
Performance indicator 2
Petroleum industry 2
Pledge 2
Poetry 2
Portfolio 2
Praxis 2
Premise 2
Presentation (obstetrics) 2
Proactivity 2
Property (philosophy) 2
Proxy (statistics) 2
Publishing 2
Qualitative property 2
Rainforest 2
Rationality 2
Recreation 2
Reflection (computer programming) 2
Reforestation 2
Replication (statistics) 2
Restoration ecology 2
Risk management 2
Safeguard 2
Safeguarding 2
Salience (neuroscience) 2
Salient 2
Scholarship 2
Software deployment 2
Soil water 2
Status quo 2
Strategic management 2
STREAMS 2
Subject (documents) 2
Survey data collection 2
The Renaissance 2
Thematic map 2
Tragedy (event) 2
Trophic level 2
Tropical forest 2
Tropics 2
Unintended consequences 2
Unpacking 2
Urban forest 2
Vietnamese 2
Vision 2
Water quality 2
Wilderness 2
Yield (engineering) 2
Acacia 1
Acacia mearnsii 1
Accounting information system 1
Action research 1
Activity-based costing 1
Adjacency list 1
Adversary 1
Aerospace 1
Affordance 1
African elephant 1
Algae 1
Alliance 1
Ambiguity 1
Amenity 1
Analogy 1
Anecdote 1
Animal ecology 1
Animal welfare 1
Appeal 1
Arctic 1
Arid 1
Ascription 1
Aside 1
Ask price 1
Association (psychology) 1
Authorization 1
Automotive industry 1
Aviation 1
Axiom 1
Balance (ability) 1
Beauty 1
Benchmark (surveying) 1
Benthic zone 1
Big data 1
Biofuel 1
Biogeochemical cycle 1
Biogeography 1
Bioprospecting 1
Biota 1
Bivariate analysis 1
Blame 1
Blueprint 1
Bond 1
Bookkeeping 1
Boom 1
Bridge (graph theory) 1
Business enterprise 1
Business management 1
Business plan 1
Cage 1
Call to action 1
Capital asset 1
Capital market 1
Casual 1
Cell 1
Central Highlands 1
Centrality 1
Certainty 1
Ceteris paribus 1
Chain (unit) 1
Champion 1
Charisma 1
Checklist 1
CITES 1
Citizen science 1
Closing (real estate) 1
Clothing 1
Cluster (spacecraft) 1
CMOS 1
Coding (social sciences) 1
Coercion (linguistics) 1
Collateral 1
Colonization 1
Competence (human resources) 1
Completeness (order theory) 1
Composite number 1
Comprehension 1
Compromise 1
Conflict management 1
Conflict resolution 1
Confluence 1
Conformity 1
Connection (principal bundle) 1
Consistency (knowledge bases) 1
Constraint (computer-aided design) 1
Consumer behaviour 1
Consumer demand 1
Contamination 1
CONTEST 1
Contingency 1
Contingency theory 1
Contrast (vision) 1
Control variable 1
Controller (irrigation) 1
Conversation 1
Converse 1
Cornerstone 1
Cost database 1
Cost driver 1
Credit risk 1
Critical infrastructure 1
Criticism 1
Cultivar 1
Cultural landscape 1
Cumulative effects 1
Cycling 1
Data collection 1
Data set 1
Database transaction 1
Debris 1
Debt 1
Decision analysis 1
Decision support system 1
Decoupling (probability) 1
Delphi 1
Dependability 1
Dependency (UML) 1
Desertification 1
Diffusion 1
Dilemma 1
Directive 1
Discounting 1
Disease 1
Dispersion (optics) 1
Disruptive innovation 1
Distress 1
Downstream (manufacturing) 1
Dream 1
Economic cost 1
Economic rent 1
Ecoregion 1
Efficient energy use 1
Electricity 1
Embedding 1
Emerging technologies 1
Employee motivation 1
Empowerment 1
Enabling 1
Energy sector 1
Enterprise value 1
Enthusiasm 1
Environmental law 1
Environmental monitoring 1
Environmental philosophy 1
Erosion 1
Estimator 1
Estuary 1
Ethnography 1
Evaluation methods 1
Event (particle physics) 1
Excitation 1
Excuse 1
Expectancy theory 1
Expropriation 1
Externalization 1
Fauna 1
Fermentation 1
Filter (signal processing) 1
Filtration (mathematics) 1
Financial crisis 1
Financial distress 1
Financial risk 1
Flexibility (engineering) 1
Flourishing 1
Food processing 1
Food waste 1
Formative assessment 1
Frame (networking) 1
Futures contract 1
Futures studies 1
Generalizability theory 1
Genetic resources 1
Geospatial analysis 1
Global commons 1
Global strategy 1
Gold rush 1
Goodness of fit 1
Grading (engineering) 1
Granularity 1
Green marketing 1
Greening 1
Group (periodic table) 1
Group cohesiveness 1
Group decision-making 1
Guideline 1
Happiness 1
Harm 1
Harmonization 1
Health care 1
Higher education 1
Historiography 1
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory 1
Holocene 1
Homogeneous 1
Human settlement 1
Hypocrisy 1
Ideal (ethics) 1
Impartiality 1
Imperfect 1
Inclusion (mineral) 1
Indonesian 1
Inequality 1
Information economics 1
Information exchange 1
Instinct 1
Institutional analysis 1
Internalism and externalism 1
Internationalization 1
Intertidal zone 1
Intrinsic value (animal ethics) 1
Invertebrate 1
Investment banking 1
Ironstone 1
Issuer 1
Job satisfaction 1
Lagging 1
Land reclamation 1
Landscape design 1
Latin Americans 1
Legal norm 1
Liability 1
Lichen 1
Limiting 1
Line (geometry) 1
Lithology 1
Loan 1
Local government 1
Locale (computer software) 1
Logistic regression 1
Logit 1
Malay 1
Mammal 1
Marginal cost 1
Marginal utility 1
Marine mammal 1
Market liquidity 1
Market penetration 1
Marketing management 1
Material efficiency 1
Material flow 1
Material flow analysis 1
Mediterranean climate 1
Mental health 1
Metadata 1
Metropolitan area 1
Miami 1
Microanalysis 1
Microfoundations 1
Misrepresentation 1
Moisture 1
Monopoly 1
Moral obligation 1
Multidisciplinary approach 1
Multilevel model 1
Multiple-criteria decision analysis 1
Multivariate statistics 1
National accounts 1
National park 1
Neoliberalism (international relations) 1
Network effect 1
New product development 1
Niche construction 1
Non-response bias 1
Notation 1
Occupancy 1
Oil spill 1
Opportunity cost 1
Ordinary least squares 1
Organic matter 1
Organization development 1
Orientation (vector space) 1
Ornamental plant 1
Outcome (game theory) 1
Outsourcing 1
Overshoot (microwave communication) 1
Overwork 1
Palm 1
Paradigm shift 1
Pareto principle 1
Participatory action research 1
Particulates 1
Passerine 1
Path (computing) 1
Path analysis (statistics) 1
Peat 1
Pelagic zone 1
Perennial plant 1
Performance art 1
Performance measurement 1
Petroleum 1
Photoluminescence 1
Photosynthesis 1
Planet 1
Pleistocene 1
Plural 1
Pluvial 1
Point (geometry) 1
Policy mix 1
Pollen 1
Polluter pays principle 1
Popularity 1
Positive psychology 1
Pragmatics 1
Pragmatism 1
Precipitation 1
Predation 1
Prioritization 1
Private property 1
Project finance 1
Proposition 1
Prosperity 1
Provisioning 1
Public disclosure 1
Public management 1
Publication 1
Quantitative analysis (chemistry) 1
Rainwater harvesting 1
Rank (graph theory) 1
Raw data 1
Realization (probability) 1
Receipt 1
Reflexivity 1
Regeneration (biology) 1
Regression analysis 1
Regulatory reform 1
Resistance (ecology) 1
Resource management (computing) 1
Respondent 1
Response bias 1
Restructuring 1
Reuse 1
Rhetoric 1
Rhinoceros 1
Rigour 1
Risk assessment 1
Robot 1
Rule of thumb 1
Rural area 1
Sample size determination 1
Sanctions 1
Scalability 1
Scenario analysis 1
Science policy 1
Sediment 1
Seekers 1
Selection (genetic algorithm) 1
Sense of place 1
Shadow (psychology) 1
Shore 1
Simple (philosophy) 1
Simplicity 1
Situational ethics 1
Skepticism 1
Sketch 1
Snowball sampling 1
Social capital 1
Social change 1
Social cost 1
Social enterprise 1
Social exchange theory 1
Social learning 1
Social marketing 1
Social theory 1
Social value orientations 1
Societal impact of nanotechnology 1
Software 1
Species diversity 1
Spillover effect 1
Sponge 1
Standardization 1
Statute 1
Strategist 1
Strengths and weaknesses 1
Stressor 1
Structuration theory 1
Subsidy 1
Summit 1
Surface runoff 1
Sustenance 1
Swamp 1
Synchronicity 1
Systems thinking 1
Tailings 1
Task (project management) 1
Taxonomy (biology) 1
Teamwork 1
Temperate climate 1
Temporal scales 1
Tiger 1
Tipping point (physics) 1
Tokenism 1
Tone (literature) 1
TRACE (psycholinguistics) 1
Track (disk drive) 1
Transformational leadership 1
Transport infrastructure 1
Transportation infrastructure 1
Tree planting 1
Triangulation 1
Tropical climate 1
Turkish 1
Undergrowth 1
User fee 1
User Friendly 1
Utility maximization 1
Vetting 1
Visibility 1
Water content 1
Water supply 1
Weathering 1
Welfare 1
Wicked problem 1
Wind power 1
Window of opportunity 1
Wine 1
Woody plant 1
Workforce 1
Working capital 1
Zero (linguistics) 1
Zoning 1

Level 3

Code
#|

level <- 3
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
              if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
                return(NULL)
            } else {
                return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
            }
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l3_concept count
Ecosystem services 98
Biodiversity conservation 57
Sustainability reporting 42
Convention on Biological Diversity 32
Originality 27
Corporate sustainability 26
Sustainability organizations 21
Sustainable business 20
Habitat destruction 19
Threatened species 19
Legitimacy 18
Global biodiversity 16
Biological dispersal 15
Investment (military) 14
New business development 14
Social sustainability 14
Product-service system 13
Livelihood 12
Stewardship (theology) 12
Business process 11
Business analysis 10
Greenwashing 10
Integrated reporting 10
Theory of planned behavior 10
Planetary boundaries 9
Environmental management system 8
Gender diversity 8
Shareholder 8
Social entrepreneurship 8
Biome 7
Collective action 7
Electronic business 7
Marine ecosystem 7
Stakeholder analysis 7
Biodiversity hotspot 6
Environmental governance 6
Genetic diversity 6
Habitat fragmentation 6
Isomorphism (crystallography) 6
Mainstreaming 6
Natural resource management 6
Quality assurance 6
Sri lanka 6
Stakeholder theory 6
Supply chain management 6
Agricultural biodiversity 5
Certified wood 5
Climate change mitigation 5
Conservation science 5
Ecological footprint 5
Endangered species 5
Global warming 5
Land use, land-use change and forestry 5
Thematic analysis 5
Carbon offset 4
Commodity chain 4
Ecosystem management 4
Ecotourism 4
Land cover 4
Marine protected area 4
Sustainable forest management 4
Systematic review 4
Triple bottom line 4
Amplifier 3
Articulation (sociology) 3
Business value 3
Capitalism 3
Census 3
Civil society 3
Climate change adaptation 3
Conservation psychology 3
Conservation status 3
Constructive 3
Ecosystem diversity 3
Ecosystem engineer 3
Elaeis guineensis 3
Environmental Sustainability Index 3
Evidence-based policy 3
Food web 3
Free rider problem 3
Freshwater ecosystem 3
Global change 3
Grounded theory 3
Illegal logging 3
Insular biogeography 3
Land management 3
Marine biodiversity 3
Organizational field 3
Quality of Life Research 3
Similarity (geometry) 3
Subsidiary 3
Sustainable Value 3
Tragedy of the commons 3
Vertebrate 3
Wildlife trade 3
Allele 2
Amazonian 2
Audit committee 2
Carbon footprint 2
Carbon sequestration 2
Coal mining 2
Coase theorem 2
Collaborative governance 2
Contingent valuation 2
Creating shared value 2
Diction 2
Disinformation 2
Dominance (genetics) 2
Ecological modernization 2
Economic capital 2
Elite 2
Emission intensity 2
Erasmus+ 2
Eutrophication 2
Food security 2
Forest ecology 2
Genetic variation 2
Global public good 2
Green economy 2
Hospitality 2
Hospitality industry 2
Institutional investor 2
Intergenerational equity 2
Internal audit 2
Land degradation 2
Marine reserve 2
Opposition (politics) 2
Organizational behavior and human resources 2
Organizational citizenship behavior 2
Per capita 2
Phytoplankton 2
Principal–agent problem 2
Protocol (science) 2
Qualitative analysis 2
Quality audit 2
Representation (politics) 2
Robustness (evolution) 2
Scopus 2
Socioeconomic status 2
Subject matter 2
Subsistence agriculture 2
Sustainable consumption 2
Urban climate 2
Willingness to accept 2
Adaptive capacity 1
Agribusiness 1
Agricultural diversification 1
Agricultural land 1
Alien species 1
Alpha diversity 1
Approximate Bayesian computation 1
Aquaculture 1
Arctic ecology 1
Arecaceae 1
Auditor’s report 1
Beijing 1
Biological integrity 1
Biosphere model 1
Bog 1
Bureaucracy 1
Business decision mapping 1
Business Model Canvas 1
Bycatch 1
Capability Maturity Model 1
Capital good 1
Carbon accounting 1
Carbon credit 1
Carbon fibers 1
Carbon market 1
Charismatic authority 1
Citizenship 1
Clean Water Act 1
Climate Finance 1
Climate governance 1
Climate justice 1
Climate pattern 1
Climate risk 1
Collateralization 1
Conference of the parties 1
Conservation Plan 1
Corporate communication 1
Corporate security 1
Cost-effectiveness analysis 1
Crop productivity 1
Data sharing 1
Decision-making 1
Democracy 1
Deposition (geology) 1
Disinvestment 1
Diversity index 1
Earth Summit 1
Ecological health 1
Ecological network 1
Ecological niche 1
Ecological stability 1
Economic interventionism 1
Economic shortage 1
Electric vehicle 1
Electronic markets 1
Emissions trading 1
Environmental audit 1
Environmental change 1
Environmental DNA 1
Equity capital 1
Equity theory 1
European commission 1
Evidence-based practice 1
Exploitation of natural resources 1
Financial capital 1
Financial market efficiency 1
Financial statement 1
Fisheries management 1
Flood control 1
Flood mitigation 1
Flora (microbiology) 1
Foreign ownership 1
Forest protection 1
Frame analysis 1
Free riding 1
Gap analysis (conservation) 1
Genome 1
Genotype 1
Geographical distance 1
Green consumption 1
Grus (genus) 1
Habitat conservation 1
Health services research 1
Human–wildlife conflict 1
Inbreeding 1
Indigenous rights 1
Industrial ecology 1
Infectious disease (medical specialty) 1
Innovator 1
Institutionalism 1
Integrated farming 1
Internalization 1
Internalization theory 1
Intrapreneurship 1
IUCN protected area categories 1
Keystone species 1
Kyoto Protocol 1
Lake ecosystem 1
Land tenure 1
Landscape archaeology 1
Least-squares function approximation 1
Legitimation 1
Mainland China 1
Management control system 1
Marine debris 1
Marxist philosophy 1
Megafauna 1
Mobile robot 1
Multi-level governance 1
Native plant 1
Natural heritage 1
Natural monopoly 1
Odds 1
Offshore wind power 1
Organizational justice 1
Organizational studies 1
Overfishing 1
Panacea (medicine) 1
Pareto optimal 1
Path coefficient 1
Philosophy of business 1
Photosynthetically active radiation 1
Phylogenetic tree 1
Physical capital 1
Poaching 1
Political action 1
Political culture 1
Political ecology 1
Pollination 1
Population size 1
Porter hypothesis 1
Price premium 1
Primary production 1
Product management 1
Project commissioning 1
Promotion (chess) 1
Quality assessment 1
Relationship marketing 1
Relative species abundance 1
Resource-based view 1
Return on investment 1
Revenue model 1
Rhizosphere 1
Riparian zone 1
Risk perception 1
Rumen 1
Rural poverty 1
Salmo 1
Sampling (signal processing) 1
Sandhill 1
Snag 1
Social accounting 1
Social contract 1
Soil contamination 1
Soil organic matter 1
Soil test 1
Species evenness 1
Stakeholder management 1
Stock market 1
Stormwater 1
Strategic alliance 1
Strategic environmental assessment 1
Strategic financial management 1
Stream restoration 1
Summative assessment 1
Sustainable agriculture 1
Sustainable energy 1
Sustainable production 1
Sustainable tourism 1
Taxonomic rank 1
Terrestrial ecosystem 1
The Conceptual Framework 1
Traditional knowledge 1
Transferability 1
Trout 1
Tundra 1
Univariate 1
Urban ecosystem 1
Urban sprawl 1
Value capture 1
Value network 1
Voting 1
Water infrastructure 1
Watershed management 1
Wilderness area 1
Wildlife corridor 1
Winery 1

Level 4

Code
#|

level <- 4
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
              if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
                return(NULL)
            } else {
                return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
            }
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l4_concept count
Measurement of biodiversity 33
Natural capital 19
Payment for ecosystem services 12
Business process modeling 9
Business rule 9
Ecosystem health 8
Business relationship management 7
Sustainability science 6
Extinction debt 4
Alien 3
Critically endangered 3
Extinction event 3
Local extinction 3
Metapopulation 3
Near-threatened species 3
Net gain 3
Effective population size 2
Environmental scanning 2
Microsatellite 2
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2
Agency cost 1
Algal bloom 1
Brown trout 1
Business architecture 1
Capital formation 1
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 1
Decision engineering 1
Defaunation 1
Employer branding 1
External auditor 1
Forest degradation 1
Forest restoration 1
Gamma diversity 1
Gene flow 1
Genetic divergence 1
Genetic structure 1
Genetic variability 1
Genomics 1
Global temperature 1
Inbreeding depression 1
Influencer marketing 1
Intact forest landscape 1
Joint audit 1
Landscape connectivity 1
Phylogenetic diversity 1
Pollinator 1
Primary producers 1
Propagule pressure 1
Rank abundance curve 1
Relative abundance distribution 1
Remotely operated underwater vehicle 1
Revenue assurance 1
Salvage logging 1
Seed dispersal 1
Shareholder value 1
Stewardship theory 1
Stock market index 1
Strategic sourcing 1
Trophic cascade 1
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1

Level 5

Code
#|

level <- 5
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
              if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
                return(NULL)
            } else {
                return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
            }
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l5_concept count
Artifact-centric business process model 9
Business transformation 5
Ecosystem valuation 3
Auditor independence 1
Business domain 1
Conservation-dependent species 1
Conservation genetics 1
Depreciation (economics) 1
Genetic monitoring 1
Isolation by distance 1
Pandemic 1
Population bottleneck 1
Total human ecosystem 1

Bibliographic

Reuse

Citation

BibTeX citation:
@report{krug,
  author = {Krug, Rainer M. and Nguyen, Tuan},
  title = {Snowball Sampling {BBA} {Chapter} 5},
  date = {},
  doi = {99.99.99999999},
  langid = {en},
  abstract = {A snowball literature using
    {[}OpenAlex{]}(https://openalex.org/) will be conducted and all
    steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of
    Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.}
}
For attribution, please cite this work as:
Krug, Rainer M., and Tuan Nguyen. n.d. “Snowball Sampling BBA Chapter 5.” IPBES Data Management Report. https://doi.org/99.99.99999999.