Code
#|
kp <- jsonlite::read_json(params$keypapers)
dois <- sapply(
kp,
function(x) {
x$DOI
}
) |>
unlist() |>
unique() |>
as.character()
dois <- dois[!is.null(dois)]Snowball sampling BBA Chapter 5
Data Management Report
Rainer M. Krug 
Tuan Nguyen
Abstract
A snowball literature using OpenAlex will be conducted and all steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.
Working Title
Literature search for BBA Chapter 5 Section 5.1
Code repo
Version 0.1.0 Build No 110
Read Key-paper
Of the 16 keypapers, 12 have a DOI and can be used for the further search.
Searches
Searches are conducted with the OpenAlex API. The API is documented here.
Get key_works
Code
#|
fn <- file.path("data", "key_works.rds")
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
key_works <- oa_fetch(
entity = "works",
doi = dois,
verbose = FALSE
)
saveRDS(key_works, fn)
} else {
key_works <- readRDS(fn)
}
key_works_cit <- IPBES.R::abbreviate_authors(key_works)Setup OpenAlex usage and do snowball serarch
Code
#|
ids <- openalexR:::shorten_oaid(key_works$id)
fn <- file.path("data", "snowball.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
snowball <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
snowball <- oa_snowball(
identifier = ids,
verbose = FALSE
)
saveRDS(snowball, fn)
}
flat_snow <- snowball2df(snowball) |>
tibble::as_tibble()Supplemented edges between all papers
Code
#|
fn <- file.path("data", "snowball_supplemented.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
snowball_supplemented <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
new_edges <- tibble(
from = character(0),
to = character(0)
)
works <- snowball$nodes$id
for (i in 1:nrow(snowball$nodes)) {
from <- works[[i]]
to <- gsub("https://openalex.org/", "", snowball$nodes$referenced_works[[i]])
to_in_works <- to[to %in% works]
if (length(to_in_works) > 0) {
new_edges <- add_row(
new_edges,
tibble(
from = from,
to = to_in_works
)
)
}
}
snowball_supplemented <- snowball
snowball_supplemented$edges <- add_row(snowball_supplemented$edges, new_edges) |>
distinct()
saveRDS(snowball_supplemented, fn)
}Results
Number of papers cited by keypapers
Code
snowball$edges |>
filter(from %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
unique() |>
mutate(
cit = unlist(key_works_cit[from])
) |>
select(cit) |>
table() |>
as.data.frame() |>
arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
knitr::kable(
col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
caption = "Number of papers cited by Keypapers in the snowball search"
)| Key paper | Number of papers |
|---|---|
| Panwar et al. (2022) | 92 |
| Feger & Mermet (2020) | 88 |
| Nedopil (2022) | 81 |
| Hassan et al. (2020) | 68 |
| Ermgassen et al. (2022) | 53 |
| Krause et al. (2020) | 53 |
| Boiral & Saizarbitoria (2017) | 51 |
| White et al. (2023) | 51 |
| Atupola & Gunarathne (2022) | 40 |
| Schaltegger et al. (2022) | 39 |
| Smith et al. (2019) | 11 |
| Lambooy & Levashova (2011) | 7 |
Code
snowball$edges |>
filter(to %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
unique() |>
mutate(
cit = unlist(key_works_cit[to]),
) |>
select(cit) |>
table() |>
as.data.frame() |>
arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
knitr::kable(
col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
caption = "No of papers citing the Keypapers in the snowball search"
)| Key paper | Number of papers |
|---|---|
| Hassan et al. (2020) | 52 |
| Boiral & Saizarbitoria (2017) | 40 |
| Smith et al. (2019) | 36 |
| Lambooy & Levashova (2011) | 31 |
| Krause et al. (2020) | 21 |
| Ermgassen et al. (2022) | 16 |
| Panwar et al. (2022) | 16 |
| Feger & Mermet (2020) | 14 |
| Schaltegger et al. (2022) | 9 |
| Atupola & Gunarathne (2022) | 8 |
| White et al. (2023) | 5 |
| Nedopil (2022) | 3 |
Export snowball as Excel file
``rvz #| label: openalex_excel #|
fn <- file.path(“.”, “data”, “snowball_excel.xlsx”) if (!file.exists(fn)) { IPBES.R::to_xlsx(snowball, fn) }
To download the Excel file with all references, plese [click here](data/snowball_excel.xlsx).
The column are: (the Concept columns are not that relevant at the moment)
- **id**: internal id fromOpenAlex
- **author**: authors of the paper
- **publication_year**: publication year
- **title**: title of the paper
- **doi**: doi of the paper
- **no_referenced_works**: number of references in the paper which are also in OpenAlex
- **cited_global**: Number of times the paper has been cited
- **cited_global_per_year**: standardised number of times cirted (cited_global / number of years published)
- **no_connections**: number of connections in the rgaph, i.e. either cited or citing a paper in the snowball corpus
- **concepts_l0**: Concept 0. level assigned by OpenAlex
- **concepts_l1**: Concept 1. level assigned by OpenAlex
- **concepts_l2**: Concept 2. level assigned by OpenAlex
- **concepts_l3**: Concept 3. level assigned by OpenAlex
- **concepts_l4**: Concept 4. level assigned by OpenAlex
- **concepts_l5**: Concept 5. level assigned by OpenAlex
- **author_institute**: Institute of the authors
- **institute_country**: Country of the institute
- **abstract**: the abstract of the paper
### Static Citation Network Graph
#### Snowball Search
::: {.cell}
```{.r .cell-code}
#|
name <- "snowball"
if (
any(
!file.exists(
c(
file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.png")),
file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.pdf")),
file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.png")),
file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.pdf"))
)
)
)
) {
snowball_p <- snowball
for (i in seq_along(key_works_cit)) {
snowball_p$nodes$id[snowball_p$nodes$id %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
snowball_p$edges$from[snowball_p$edges$from %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
snowball_p$edges$to[snowball_p$edges$to %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
}
IPBES.R::plot_snowball(snowball_p, name = name, path = "figures")
rm(snowball_p)
}:::
To download the highres graph, please click here.
Supplemented Snowball Search
``rvz #| label: snowball_supplemented_graphs
name <- “snowball_supplemented” if ( any( !file.exists( c( file.path(“figures”, paste0(name, “_cited_by_count.png”)), file.path(“figures”, paste0(name, “_cited_by_count.pdf”)), file.path(“figures”, paste0(name, “_cited_by_count_by_year.png”)), file.path(“figures”, paste0(name, “_cited_by_count_by_year.pdf”)) ) ) ) ) { snowball_supplemented\(nodes\)cited_by_count_by_year <- snowball_supplemented\(nodes\)cited_by_count / (2024 - snowball_supplemented\(nodes\)publication_year)
snowball_p <- snowball_supplemented
for (i in seq_along(key_works_cit)) {
snowball_p$nodes$id[snowball_p$nodes$id %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
snowball_p$edges$from[snowball_p$edges$from %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
snowball_p$edges$to[snowball_p$edges$to %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
}
IPBES.R::plot_snowball(snowball_p, name = name, path = "figures")
rm(snowball_p)}
To download the highres graph, please [click here](figures/snowball_supplemented_cited_by_count_by_year.pdf).
### Interactive Citation Network Graph
The following interactions are possible:
- moving your mouse over a node, the title author and year of the paper is shown.
- clicking on a node will open the paper in a new tab.
- scrolling up and down with your scroll wheel zooms in and out
- clicking on the canvas and move the mouse will move the network
- clicking on a node and dragging it moves the node
#### Snowball Search
::: {.cell}
```{.r .cell-code}
#|
fn <- file.path("figures", "snowball_cited_by_count_by_year.html")
# if (file.exists(fn)) {
# htmltools::includeHTML(fn)
# } else {
IPBES.R::plot_snowball_interactive(
snowball = snowball,
key_works = key_works,
file = fn
)Code
# }:::
To open the interactive graph in a standalone window click here.
Supplemented Snowball Search
Code
# fn <- file.path("figures", "snowball_supplemented_cited_by_count.html")
# if (file.exists(fn)) {
# htmltools::includeHTML(fn)
# } else {
IPBES.R::plot_snowball_interactive(
snowball = snowball_supplemented,
key_works = key_works,
file = fn
)Code
# }To open the interactive graph in a standalone window click here.
Identification of references with more than one edge
This is the number of connections (connection_count)of the paper (id)
Code
#|
mult_edge <- flat_snow |>
select(id, connection_count) |>
filter(connection_count > 1) |>
arrange(desc(connection_count))
links <- flat_snow |>
filter(id %in% mult_edge$id)
links |>
select(id, display_name, publication_year, doi, connection_count) |>
arrange(desc(connection_count)) |>
knitr::kable()| id | display_name | publication_year | doi | connection_count |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| W3004209126 | Exploring factors relating to extinction disclosures: What motivates companies to report on biodiversity and species protection? | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2442 | 120 |
| W4281953953 | The uncomfortable relationship between business and biodiversity: Advancing research on business strategies for biodiversity protection | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3139 | 108 |
| W3047230270 | New Business Models for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management Services: Action Research With a Large Environmental Sector Company | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026620947145 | 102 |
| W2623604874 | Corporate commitment to biodiversity in mining and forestry: Identifying drivers from GRI reports | 2017 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.037 | 91 |
| W4286223148 | Integrating biodiversity into financial decision‐making: Challenges and four principles | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3208 | 84 |
| W3096206810 | What makes businesses commit to nature conservation? | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2650 | 74 |
| W4307029606 | Are corporate biodiversity commitments consistent with delivering ‘nature-positive’ outcomes? A review of ‘nature-positive’ definitions, company progress and challenges | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134798 | 69 |
| W4312182732 | Identifying opportunities to deliver effective and efficient outcomes from business-biodiversity action | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.12.003 | 56 |
| W4281572040 | Institutional pressures for corporate biodiversity management practices in the plantation sector: Evidence from the tea industry in Sri Lanka | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3143 | 48 |
| W4283009762 | Managing and accounting for corporate biodiversity contributions. Mapping the field | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3166 | 48 |
| W2993436936 | Biodiversity means business: Reframing global biodiversity goals for the private sector | 2019 | https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12690 | 47 |
| W2134528020 | Opportunities and challenges for private sector entrepreneurship and investment in biodiversity, ecosystem services and nature conservation | 2011 | https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2011.629632 | 38 |
| W2900460206 | Corporate reporting and conservation realities: Understanding differences in what businesses say and do regarding biodiversity | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1839 | 7 |
| W2969260349 | The evolution of corporate no net loss and net positive impact biodiversity commitments: Understanding appetite and addressing challenges | 2019 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2379 | 7 |
| W2883740377 | Using conservation science to advance corporate biodiversity accountability | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13190 | 6 |
| W2065840971 | Accounting for the Unaccountable: Biodiversity Reporting and Impression Management | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2497-9 | 5 |
| W4321788242 | Principles for using evidence to improve biodiversity impact mitigation by business | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3389 | 5 |
| W2027193292 | Managing Biodiversity Through Stakeholder Involvement: Why, Who, and for What Initiatives? | 2015 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2668-3 | 4 |
| W2056764751 | Understanding changes in business strategies regarding biodiversity and ecosystem services | 2012 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.013 | 4 |
| W2070209083 | Problematising accounting for biodiversity | 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2013-1255 | 4 |
| W2778636465 | Corporate Biodiversity Management through Certifiable Standards | 2017 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2005 | 4 |
| W2910752062 | Improving corporate biodiversity management through employee involvement | 2019 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2273 | 4 |
| W3038057993 | Bringing sustainability to life: A framework to guide biodiversity indicator development for business performance management | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2573 | 4 |
| W4387397656 | Is biodiversity disclosure emerging as a key topic on the agenda of institutional investors? | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3587 | 4 |
| W1999167944 | Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet | 2015 | https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855 | 3 |
| W2110588853 | Stakeholders and environmental management practices: an institutional framework | 2004 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.409 | 3 |
| W2133943540 | Business, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity | 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026613490173 | 3 |
| W2169019517 | A review of corporate goals of No Net Loss and Net Positive Impact on biodiversity | 2014 | https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001476 | 3 |
| W2782810353 | Integrated extinction accounting and accountability: building an ark | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-06-2017-2957 | 3 |
| W2901004189 | Four priorities for new links between conservation science and accounting research | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13254 | 3 |
| W2904889945 | Embedding biodiversity and ecosystem services in corporate sustainability: A strategy to enable Sustainable Development Goals | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.34 | 3 |
| W3088975513 | Biodiversity and extinction accounting for sustainable development: A systematic literature review and future research directions | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2649 | 3 |
| W3138714179 | Extinction accounting and accountability: Empirical evidence from the west European tissue industry | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2763 | 3 |
| W3211798116 | Biodiversity disclosure, sustainable development and environmental initiatives: Does board gender diversity matter? | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2929 | 3 |
| W4281611865 | Business, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Evidence from large‐scale survey data | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3141 | 3 |
| W4293059051 | Editorial | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3186 | 3 |
| W4304192477 | Biodiversity management approaches in small and innovative businesses: insights from asystems thinkingperspective | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1108/srj-03-2022-0113 | 3 |
| W4307852789 | Determining the economic costs and benefits of conservation actions: A decision support framework | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12840 | 3 |
| W4307918879 | Investigating biodiversity and circular economy disclosure practices: Insights from global firms | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2402 | 3 |
| W4386883218 | Integrating Biodiversity into Business Strategy: Theoretical Foundations and Exemplary Cases | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1341425 | 3 |
| W4386893707 | Short‐term solutions to biodiversity conservation in portfolio construction: Forward‐looking disclosure and classification‐based metrics biodiversity conservation in portfolio construction | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3570 | 3 |
| W1444047749 | Bulldozing biodiversity: The economics of offsets and trading-in Nature | 2015 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.07.037 | 2 |
| W1757989792 | Leading by Example: A Model of Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment | 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1835 | 2 |
| W1853397149 | Planetary Boundaries: Ecological Foundations for Corporate Sustainability | 2012 | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01073.x | 2 |
| W1979185175 | Biodiversity reporting in Denmark | 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj:02-2013-1232 | 2 |
| W1996435802 | New Business Models for Biodiversity Conservation | 2009 | https://doi.org/10.1080/10549810902791481 | 2 |
| W2053169259 | Sustainable Development and Certification Practices: Lessons Learned and Prospects | 2010 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.701 | 2 |
| W2056960121 | Sustainability reports as simulacra? A counter-account of A and A+ GRI reports | 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2012-00998 | 2 |
| W2058832374 | A review of determinant factors of environmental proactivity | 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.450 | 2 |
| W2081327878 | Biodiversity reporting in Sweden: corporate disclosure and preparers’ views | 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-02-2013-1228 | 2 |
| W2108930428 | Overexploiting marine ecosystem engineers: potential consequences for biodiversity | 2002 | https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02330-8 | 2 |
| W2163177138 | Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice | 2013 | https://doi.org/10.1017/s003060531200172x | 2 |
| W2623114543 | From the Big Five to the Big Four? Exploring extinction accounting for the rhinoceros | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2320 | 2 |
| W2743053030 | A blueprint towards accounting for the management of ecosystems | 2017 | https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2360 | 2 |
| W2743276478 | Accounts of nature and the nature of accounts | 2017 | https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-07-2017-3010 | 2 |
| W2744356130 | Best practices for corporate commitment to biodiversity: An organizing framework from GRI reports | 2017 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.012 | 2 |
| W2784267580 | The emancipatory potential of extinction accounting: Exploring current practice in integrated reports | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2017.12.001 | 2 |
| W2786394464 | Biodiversity and threatened species reporting by the top Fortune Global companies | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2016-2490 | 2 |
| W2799473550 | Institutional challenges for corporate participation in payments for ecosystem services (PES): insights from Southeast Asia | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0569-y | 2 |
| W2802385971 | Dependency of Businesses on Flows of Ecosystem Services: A Case Study from the County of Dorset, UK | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051368 | 2 |
| W2804041283 | Palm oil supply chain complexity impedes implementation of corporate no-deforestation commitments | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.012 | 2 |
| W2804246328 | Integrating corporate social responsibility into conservation policy. The example of business commitments to contribute to the French National Biodiversity Strategy | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.05.007 | 2 |
| W2889366632 | Aiming higher to bend the curve of biodiversity loss | 2018 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0130-0 | 2 |
| W2910085412 | Corporate biodiversity accounting and reporting in mega-diverse countries: An examination of indicators disclosed in sustainability reports | 2019 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.060 | 2 |
| W2982548986 | Net positive outcomes for nature | 2019 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1022-z | 2 |
| W2984503917 | The intention of companies to invest in biodiversity and ecosystem services credits through an online-marketplace | 2019 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.101026 | 2 |
| W2995840337 | Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change | 2019 | https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3100 | 2 |
| W3002382966 | European firms’ corporate biodiversity disclosures and board gender diversity from 2002 to 2016 | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2020.100893 | 2 |
| W3003182401 | Progress in natural capital accounting for ecosystems | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz8901 | 2 |
| W3113465337 | Rethinking zero deforestation beyond 2020 to more equitably and effectively conserve tropical forests | 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.007 | 2 |
| W3122213255 | An empirical assessment of assurance statements in sustainability reports: smoke screens or enlightening information? | 2016 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.089 | 2 |
| W3122665788 | Innovating with Nature: From Nature-Based Solutions to Nature-Based Enterprises | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031263 | 2 |
| W3165169375 | Using technology to improve the management of development impacts on biodiversity | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2816 | 2 |
| W3183653106 | Corporate Payments for Ecosystem Services in Theory and Practice: Links to Economics, Business, and Sustainability | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158307 | 2 |
| W4206053917 | Closing the Gap Between Knowledge and Implementation in Conservation Science: Concluding Remarks | 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81085-6_15 | 2 |
| W4280528435 | The making of imperfect indicators for biodiversity: A case study of UK biodiversity performance measurement | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3133 | 2 |
| W4281559835 | A resilience approach to corporate biodiversity impact measurement | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3140 | 2 |
| W4292474513 | Biodiversity accounting and reporting: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133677 | 2 |
| W4311499193 | Mainstreaming biodiversity in business decisions: Taking stock of tools and gaps | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109831 | 2 |
| W4313407277 | Implementing biodiversity reporting: insights from the case of the largest dairy company in China | 2022 | https://doi.org/10.1108/sampj-09-2021-0375 | 2 |
| W4315707282 | Nature-positive goals for an organization’s food consumption | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00660-2 | 2 |
| W4319789152 | Wildlife trafficking as a societal supply chain risk: Removing the parasite without damaging the host? | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12297 | 2 |
| W4378087483 | Exploring the prioritisation of biodiversity amongst small‐ to medium‐sized enterprise leaders with strong bigger‐than‐self value orientation | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3440 | 2 |
| W4382940596 | Biodiversity management: A supply chain practice view | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2023.100865 | 2 |
| W4387685599 | Extinction Accounting | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9076-1.ch003 | 2 |
| W4388180518 | Determinants of sustainability reporting: A systematic literature review | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2645 | 2 |
| W4389802877 | The inclusion of biodiversity into Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) framework: A strategic integration of ecocentric extinction accounting | 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119808 | 2 |
| W4390607495 | Manage biodiversity risk exposure? | 2024 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.104989 | 2 |
Identification of Concepts
OpenAlex assigns all works concepts. The concepts are in hirarchical order, ranging from 0 to 3. The higher the number, the more specific the concept. The concepts are assigned to the paper (id)
Level 0
Code
#|
level <- 0
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
x <- lapply(
flat_snow[["concepts"]],
FUN = function(x) {
if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
return(NULL)
} else {
return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
}
}
) |>
unlist() |>
table() |>
as.data.frame() |>
arrange(desc(Freq))
names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
saveRDS(x, fn)
}
fn |>
readRDS() |>
knitr::kable()| l0_concept | count |
|---|---|
| Biology | 553 |
| Business | 531 |
| Economics | 428 |
| Political science | 388 |
| Computer science | 286 |
| Geography | 272 |
| Sociology | 200 |
| Environmental science | 181 |
| Philosophy | 161 |
| Engineering | 95 |
| Psychology | 95 |
| Mathematics | 79 |
| Physics | 69 |
| Chemistry | 52 |
| Medicine | 29 |
| Geology | 16 |
| Art | 15 |
| History | 13 |
| Materials science | 11 |
Level 1
Code
#|
level <- 1
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
x <- lapply(
flat_snow[["concepts"]],
FUN = function(x) {
if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
return(NULL)
} else {
return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
}
}
) |>
unlist() |>
table() |>
as.data.frame() |>
arrange(desc(Freq))
names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
saveRDS(x, fn)
}
fn |>
readRDS() |>
knitr::kable()| l1_concept | count |
|---|---|
| Ecology | 527 |
| Environmental resource management | 330 |
| Law | 316 |
| Finance | 181 |
| Public relations | 170 |
| Environmental planning | 163 |
| Accounting | 160 |
| Marketing | 154 |
| Natural resource economics | 131 |
| Archaeology | 120 |
| Social science | 100 |
| Management | 92 |
| Epistemology | 88 |
| Machine learning | 70 |
| Programming language | 67 |
| Linguistics | 62 |
| Paleontology | 61 |
| Microeconomics | 58 |
| Knowledge management | 52 |
| Environmental economics | 51 |
| Artificial intelligence | 46 |
| Industrial organization | 46 |
| Process management | 45 |
| Economic growth | 44 |
| Quantum mechanics | 44 |
| Social psychology | 42 |
| Management science | 41 |
| Operating system | 34 |
| Demography | 32 |
| Mechanical engineering | 32 |
| Public economics | 32 |
| Agroforestry | 30 |
| Computer network | 29 |
| Statistics | 29 |
| Chromatography | 27 |
| Environmental ethics | 26 |
| Anthropology | 25 |
| Neuroscience | 25 |
| Biochemistry | 22 |
| Pure mathematics | 21 |
| Macroeconomics | 20 |
| World Wide Web | 20 |
| Cartography | 19 |
| Computer security | 19 |
| Environmental protection | 18 |
| Risk analysis (engineering) | 18 |
| Database | 17 |
| Econometrics | 17 |
| Law and economics | 16 |
| Evolutionary biology | 15 |
| Market economy | 15 |
| Pathology | 15 |
| Forestry | 14 |
| Data science | 13 |
| Mathematical analysis | 13 |
| Psychotherapist | 13 |
| Economic system | 11 |
| Engineering ethics | 11 |
| Geometry | 11 |
| International trade | 11 |
| Oceanography | 10 |
| Pedagogy | 10 |
| Psychoanalysis | 10 |
| Library science | 9 |
| Civil engineering | 8 |
| Communication | 8 |
| Composite material | 8 |
| Fishery | 8 |
| Humanities | 8 |
| Optics | 8 |
| Political economy | 8 |
| Psychiatry | 8 |
| Public administration | 8 |
| Thermodynamics | 8 |
| Agricultural economics | 7 |
| Algorithm | 7 |
| Economy | 7 |
| Literature | 7 |
| Nursing | 7 |
| Positive economics | 7 |
| Cognitive psychology | 6 |
| Crystallography | 6 |
| Electrical engineering | 6 |
| Embedded system | 6 |
| Genetics | 6 |
| Applied psychology | 5 |
| Earth science | 5 |
| Mathematics education | 5 |
| Physical geography | 5 |
| Telecommunications | 5 |
| Aerospace engineering | 4 |
| Environmental engineering | 4 |
| Mathematical economics | 4 |
| Operations management | 4 |
| Waste management | 4 |
| Advertising | 3 |
| Art history | 3 |
| Combinatorics | 3 |
| Development economics | 3 |
| Economic geography | 3 |
| Geotechnical engineering | 3 |
| Metallurgy | 3 |
| Meteorology | 3 |
| Physical chemistry | 3 |
| Soil science | 3 |
| Structural engineering | 3 |
| Actuarial science | 2 |
| Agronomy | 2 |
| Astrobiology | 2 |
| Biotechnology | 2 |
| Botany | 2 |
| Business administration | 2 |
| Classics | 2 |
| Computational biology | 2 |
| Developmental psychology | 2 |
| Economic policy | 2 |
| Environmental chemistry | 2 |
| Environmental health | 2 |
| Food science | 2 |
| Mathematical physics | 2 |
| Neoclassical economics | 2 |
| Operations research | 2 |
| Organic chemistry | 2 |
| Radiology | 2 |
| Zoology | 2 |
| Acoustics | 1 |
| Arithmetic | 1 |
| Astronomy | 1 |
| Astrophysics | 1 |
| Atmospheric sciences | 1 |
| Cell biology | 1 |
| Climatology | 1 |
| Cognitive science | 1 |
| Commerce | 1 |
| Control engineering | 1 |
| Data mining | 1 |
| Electronic engineering | 1 |
| Financial economics | 1 |
| Financial system | 1 |
| Geochemistry | 1 |
| Geomorphology | 1 |
| Internal medicine | 1 |
| International economics | 1 |
| Internet privacy | 1 |
| Keynesian economics | 1 |
| Labour economics | 1 |
| Medical education | 1 |
| Nanotechnology | 1 |
| Physical medicine and rehabilitation | 1 |
| Real-time computing | 1 |
| Reliability engineering | 1 |
| Remote sensing | 1 |
| Socioeconomics | 1 |
| Software engineering | 1 |
| Systems engineering | 1 |
| Theology | 1 |
| Transport engineering | 1 |
| Virology | 1 |
| Visual arts | 1 |
| Water resource management | 1 |
Level 2
Code
#|
level <- 2
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
x <- lapply(
flat_snow[["concepts"]],
FUN = function(x) {
if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
return(NULL)
} else {
return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
}
}
) |>
unlist() |>
table() |>
as.data.frame() |>
arrange(desc(Freq))
names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
saveRDS(x, fn)
}
fn |>
readRDS() |>
knitr::kable()| l2_concept | count |
|---|---|
| Biodiversity | 251 |
| Sustainability | 200 |
| Ecosystem | 124 |
| Corporate social responsibility | 87 |
| Politics | 82 |
| Sustainable development | 77 |
| Corporate governance | 70 |
| Context (archaeology) | 69 |
| Stakeholder | 64 |
| Habitat | 58 |
| Climate change | 48 |
| Value (mathematics) | 48 |
| Business model | 36 |
| Population | 34 |
| Action (physics) | 32 |
| Agriculture | 32 |
| Government (linguistics) | 32 |
| Qualitative research | 32 |
| Extinction (optical mineralogy) | 30 |
| Accountability | 28 |
| Diversity (politics) | 28 |
| Natural resource | 28 |
| Process (computing) | 26 |
| Sample (material) | 26 |
| Entrepreneurship | 24 |
| Certification | 23 |
| Work (physics) | 23 |
| Empirical research | 22 |
| Incentive | 20 |
| Resource (disambiguation) | 20 |
| Transparency (behavior) | 20 |
| Audit | 19 |
| Private sector | 19 |
| Supply chain | 19 |
| Scale (ratio) | 18 |
| China | 17 |
| Control (management) | 17 |
| Institutional theory | 17 |
| Payment | 17 |
| Consumption (sociology) | 16 |
| Perspective (graphical) | 16 |
| Quality (philosophy) | 16 |
| Service (business) | 16 |
| Stakeholder engagement | 16 |
| Business ethics | 15 |
| Content analysis | 15 |
| Natural (archaeology) | 15 |
| Normative | 15 |
| Order (exchange) | 15 |
| Perception | 15 |
| Production (economics) | 15 |
| Valuation (finance) | 15 |
| Deforestation (computer science) | 14 |
| Field (mathematics) | 14 |
| Greenhouse gas | 14 |
| Environmental accounting | 13 |
| Land use | 13 |
| Set (abstract data type) | 13 |
| Capital (architecture) | 12 |
| Gene | 12 |
| Relevance (law) | 12 |
| Social responsibility | 12 |
| Species richness | 12 |
| Credibility | 11 |
| Scope (computer science) | 11 |
| Tourism | 11 |
| Work in process | 11 |
| Agency (philosophy) | 10 |
| Empirical evidence | 10 |
| Environmental reporting | 10 |
| Index (typography) | 10 |
| Offset (computer science) | 10 |
| Extant taxon | 9 |
| Externality | 9 |
| Leverage (statistics) | 9 |
| Operationalization | 9 |
| Profitability index | 9 |
| Structural equation modeling | 9 |
| Wildlife | 9 |
| Adaptation (eye) | 8 |
| Affect (linguistics) | 8 |
| Alternative medicine | 8 |
| Conceptual framework | 8 |
| Creativity | 8 |
| Environmental impact assessment | 8 |
| Equity (law) | 8 |
| European union | 8 |
| Face (sociological concept) | 8 |
| Invasive species | 8 |
| Irrigation | 8 |
| IUCN Red List | 8 |
| Organizational behavior | 8 |
| Profit (economics) | 8 |
| Psychological resilience | 8 |
| Range (aeronautics) | 8 |
| Reputation | 8 |
| Tanzania | 8 |
| Typology | 8 |
| Variety (cybernetics) | 8 |
| Willingness to pay | 8 |
| Argument (complex analysis) | 7 |
| Business case | 7 |
| Corporation | 7 |
| Dimension (graph theory) | 7 |
| Environmental policy | 7 |
| Framing (construction) | 7 |
| Humanity | 7 |
| Introduced species | 7 |
| Mainstream | 7 |
| Panel data | 7 |
| Poverty | 7 |
| Productivity | 7 |
| Stock exchange | 7 |
| Transformative learning | 7 |
| Voluntary disclosure | 7 |
| Wetland | 7 |
| Accounting research | 6 |
| Commons | 6 |
| Conceptual model | 6 |
| Conservation biology | 6 |
| Crystal structure | 6 |
| Multinational corporation | 6 |
| Nexus (standard) | 6 |
| Organizational commitment | 6 |
| Position (finance) | 6 |
| Product (mathematics) | 6 |
| Property rights | 6 |
| Psychological intervention | 6 |
| Public good | 6 |
| Purchasing | 6 |
| Resilience (materials science) | 6 |
| Revenue | 6 |
| Scrutiny | 6 |
| Special education | 6 |
| Turnover | 6 |
| Abundance (ecology) | 5 |
| Amazon rainforest | 5 |
| CLARITY | 5 |
| Construct (python library) | 5 |
| Convention | 5 |
| Cost–benefit analysis | 5 |
| Earth system science | 5 |
| Embeddedness | 5 |
| Fishing | 5 |
| Flood myth | 5 |
| Forest management | 5 |
| Hierarchy | 5 |
| Logging | 5 |
| Mediation | 5 |
| MEDLINE | 5 |
| Negotiation | 5 |
| Palm oil | 5 |
| Phenomenon | 5 |
| Protected area | 5 |
| Social media | 5 |
| Stock (firearms) | 5 |
| Taxon | 5 |
| Test (biology) | 5 |
| Value proposition | 5 |
| Additionality | 4 |
| Anthropocentrism | 4 |
| Archetype | 4 |
| Asset (computer security) | 4 |
| Biosphere | 4 |
| Circular economy | 4 |
| Citizen journalism | 4 |
| Compensation (psychology) | 4 |
| Competitive advantage | 4 |
| Compliance (psychology) | 4 |
| Emerging markets | 4 |
| Enforcement | 4 |
| Fragmentation (computing) | 4 |
| General partnership | 4 |
| Identification (biology) | 4 |
| Legislation | 4 |
| License | 4 |
| Listing (finance) | 4 |
| Nature reserve | 4 |
| Norm (philosophy) | 4 |
| Overexploitation | 4 |
| Public health | 4 |
| Relation (database) | 4 |
| Space (punctuation) | 4 |
| State (computer science) | 4 |
| Strategic planning | 4 |
| Structuring | 4 |
| Underpinning | 4 |
| Upstream (networking) | 4 |
| Urban planning | 4 |
| Urbanization | 4 |
| Variance (accounting) | 4 |
| Vulnerability (computing) | 4 |
| Action plan | 3 |
| Annual report | 3 |
| Anthropocene | 3 |
| Aquatic ecosystem | 3 |
| Baseline (sea) | 3 |
| Best practice | 3 |
| Biomass (ecology) | 3 |
| Boundary (topology) | 3 |
| Bridging (networking) | 3 |
| Business ecosystem | 3 |
| Causality (physics) | 3 |
| Citation | 3 |
| Cognitive reframing | 3 |
| Commission | 3 |
| Common-pool resource | 3 |
| Competition (biology) | 3 |
| Conceptualization | 3 |
| Convergence (economics) | 3 |
| Discipline | 3 |
| Distribution (mathematics) | 3 |
| Domain (mathematical analysis) | 3 |
| Endogeneity | 3 |
| Energy (signal processing) | 3 |
| Environmental degradation | 3 |
| Environmental pollution | 3 |
| Environmental quality | 3 |
| Environmental regulation | 3 |
| Environmental stewardship | 3 |
| Explanatory power | 3 |
| Footprint | 3 |
| Function (biology) | 3 |
| Globalization | 3 |
| Gold mining | 3 |
| Green infrastructure | 3 |
| Human capital | 3 |
| Human resource management | 3 |
| Image (mathematics) | 3 |
| Impression management | 3 |
| Indigenous | 3 |
| Interpretation (philosophy) | 3 |
| Interview | 3 |
| Key (lock) | 3 |
| Legislature | 3 |
| Macro | 3 |
| Management accounting | 3 |
| Metaphor | 3 |
| Metric (unit) | 3 |
| Narrative | 3 |
| Nature Conservation | 3 |
| Niche | 3 |
| Nutrient | 3 |
| Partial least squares regression | 3 |
| Plan (archaeology) | 3 |
| Power (physics) | 3 |
| Procurement | 3 |
| Public sector | 3 |
| Ranking (information retrieval) | 3 |
| Renewable energy | 3 |
| Scientific evidence | 3 |
| Suite | 3 |
| Terminology | 3 |
| The Internet | 3 |
| Transaction cost | 3 |
| Trustworthiness | 3 |
| Unit (ring theory) | 3 |
| Value creation | 3 |
| Variables | 3 |
| Vegetation (pathology) | 3 |
| Watershed | 3 |
| Adaptive management | 2 |
| Afforestation | 2 |
| Ambidexterity | 2 |
| Attractiveness | 2 |
| Bacteria | 2 |
| Bandwidth (computing) | 2 |
| Bibliometrics | 2 |
| Business sector | 2 |
| Carbon dioxide | 2 |
| Cluster analysis | 2 |
| Coal | 2 |
| Cognition | 2 |
| Commit | 2 |
| Commodification | 2 |
| Commodity | 2 |
| Community-based conservation | 2 |
| Competitor analysis | 2 |
| Confusion | 2 |
| Content (measure theory) | 2 |
| Cost effectiveness | 2 |
| Counterfactual thinking | 2 |
| Cover (algebra) | 2 |
| Curriculum | 2 |
| Declaration | 2 |
| Delphi method | 2 |
| Descriptive statistics | 2 |
| Developing country | 2 |
| Disturbance (geology) | 2 |
| Divergence (linguistics) | 2 |
| Earth (classical element) | 2 |
| Ecological systems theory | 2 |
| Economic evaluation | 2 |
| Economic Justice | 2 |
| Endemism | 2 |
| Environmental compliance | 2 |
| Environmental studies | 2 |
| Exploratory research | 2 |
| Financial market | 2 |
| Fish |
2 |
| Focus (optics) | 2 |
| Focus group | 2 |
| Foreign direct investment | 2 |
| German | 2 |
| Goods and services | 2 |
| Granger causality | 2 |
| Grassland | 2 |
| Heuristic | 2 |
| Human rights | 2 |
| Hydrology (agriculture) | 2 |
| Impact assessment | 2 |
| Independence (probability theory) | 2 |
| Insider | 2 |
| Institutionalisation | 2 |
| Interdependence | 2 |
| Intermediary | 2 |
| International business | 2 |
| Interoperability | 2 |
| Intervention (counseling) | 2 |
| Mangrove | 2 |
| Marine conservation | 2 |
| Maturity (psychological) | 2 |
| Meaning (existential) | 2 |
| Measure (data warehouse) | 2 |
| Mindset | 2 |
| Moderation | 2 |
| Mythology | 2 |
| Neglect | 2 |
| Notice | 2 |
| Obligation | 2 |
| Officer | 2 |
| Ontology | 2 |
| Optimism | 2 |
| Organizational performance | 2 |
| Organizational theory | 2 |
| Performance indicator | 2 |
| Petroleum industry | 2 |
| Pledge | 2 |
| Poetry | 2 |
| Portfolio | 2 |
| Praxis | 2 |
| Premise | 2 |
| Presentation (obstetrics) | 2 |
| Proactivity | 2 |
| Property (philosophy) | 2 |
| Proxy (statistics) | 2 |
| Publishing | 2 |
| Qualitative property | 2 |
| Rainforest | 2 |
| Rationality | 2 |
| Recreation | 2 |
| Reflection (computer programming) | 2 |
| Reforestation | 2 |
| Replication (statistics) | 2 |
| Restoration ecology | 2 |
| Risk management | 2 |
| Safeguard | 2 |
| Safeguarding | 2 |
| Salience (neuroscience) | 2 |
| Salient | 2 |
| Scholarship | 2 |
| Software deployment | 2 |
| Soil water | 2 |
| Status quo | 2 |
| Strategic management | 2 |
| STREAMS | 2 |
| Subject (documents) | 2 |
| Survey data collection | 2 |
| The Renaissance | 2 |
| Thematic map | 2 |
| Tragedy (event) | 2 |
| Trophic level | 2 |
| Tropical forest | 2 |
| Tropics | 2 |
| Unintended consequences | 2 |
| Unpacking | 2 |
| Urban forest | 2 |
| Vietnamese | 2 |
| Vision | 2 |
| Water quality | 2 |
| Wilderness | 2 |
| Yield (engineering) | 2 |
| Acacia | 1 |
| Acacia mearnsii | 1 |
| Accounting information system | 1 |
| Action research | 1 |
| Activity-based costing | 1 |
| Adjacency list | 1 |
| Adversary | 1 |
| Aerospace | 1 |
| Affordance | 1 |
| African elephant | 1 |
| Algae | 1 |
| Alliance | 1 |
| Ambiguity | 1 |
| Amenity | 1 |
| Analogy | 1 |
| Anecdote | 1 |
| Animal ecology | 1 |
| Animal welfare | 1 |
| Appeal | 1 |
| Arctic | 1 |
| Arid | 1 |
| Ascription | 1 |
| Aside | 1 |
| Ask price | 1 |
| Association (psychology) | 1 |
| Authorization | 1 |
| Automotive industry | 1 |
| Aviation | 1 |
| Axiom | 1 |
| Balance (ability) | 1 |
| Beauty | 1 |
| Benchmark (surveying) | 1 |
| Benthic zone | 1 |
| Big data | 1 |
| Biofuel | 1 |
| Biogeochemical cycle | 1 |
| Biogeography | 1 |
| Bioprospecting | 1 |
| Biota | 1 |
| Bivariate analysis | 1 |
| Blame | 1 |
| Blueprint | 1 |
| Bond | 1 |
| Bookkeeping | 1 |
| Boom | 1 |
| Bridge (graph theory) | 1 |
| Business enterprise | 1 |
| Business management | 1 |
| Business plan | 1 |
| Cage | 1 |
| Call to action | 1 |
| Capital asset | 1 |
| Capital market | 1 |
| Casual | 1 |
| Cell | 1 |
| Central Highlands | 1 |
| Centrality | 1 |
| Certainty | 1 |
| Ceteris paribus | 1 |
| Chain (unit) | 1 |
| Champion | 1 |
| Charisma | 1 |
| Checklist | 1 |
| CITES | 1 |
| Citizen science | 1 |
| Closing (real estate) | 1 |
| Clothing | 1 |
| Cluster (spacecraft) | 1 |
| CMOS | 1 |
| Coding (social sciences) | 1 |
| Coercion (linguistics) | 1 |
| Collateral | 1 |
| Colonization | 1 |
| Competence (human resources) | 1 |
| Completeness (order theory) | 1 |
| Composite number | 1 |
| Comprehension | 1 |
| Compromise | 1 |
| Conflict management | 1 |
| Conflict resolution | 1 |
| Confluence | 1 |
| Conformity | 1 |
| Connection (principal bundle) | 1 |
| Consistency (knowledge bases) | 1 |
| Constraint (computer-aided design) | 1 |
| Consumer behaviour | 1 |
| Consumer demand | 1 |
| Contamination | 1 |
| CONTEST | 1 |
| Contingency | 1 |
| Contingency theory | 1 |
| Contrast (vision) | 1 |
| Control variable | 1 |
| Controller (irrigation) | 1 |
| Conversation | 1 |
| Converse | 1 |
| Cornerstone | 1 |
| Cost database | 1 |
| Cost driver | 1 |
| Credit risk | 1 |
| Critical infrastructure | 1 |
| Criticism | 1 |
| Cultivar | 1 |
| Cultural landscape | 1 |
| Cumulative effects | 1 |
| Cycling | 1 |
| Data collection | 1 |
| Data set | 1 |
| Database transaction | 1 |
| Debris | 1 |
| Debt | 1 |
| Decision analysis | 1 |
| Decision support system | 1 |
| Decoupling (probability) | 1 |
| Delphi | 1 |
| Dependability | 1 |
| Dependency (UML) | 1 |
| Desertification | 1 |
| Diffusion | 1 |
| Dilemma | 1 |
| Directive | 1 |
| Discounting | 1 |
| Disease | 1 |
| Dispersion (optics) | 1 |
| Disruptive innovation | 1 |
| Distress | 1 |
| Downstream (manufacturing) | 1 |
| Dream | 1 |
| Economic cost | 1 |
| Economic rent | 1 |
| Ecoregion | 1 |
| Efficient energy use | 1 |
| Electricity | 1 |
| Embedding | 1 |
| Emerging technologies | 1 |
| Employee motivation | 1 |
| Empowerment | 1 |
| Enabling | 1 |
| Energy sector | 1 |
| Enterprise value | 1 |
| Enthusiasm | 1 |
| Environmental law | 1 |
| Environmental monitoring | 1 |
| Environmental philosophy | 1 |
| Erosion | 1 |
| Estimator | 1 |
| Estuary | 1 |
| Ethnography | 1 |
| Evaluation methods | 1 |
| Event (particle physics) | 1 |
| Excitation | 1 |
| Excuse | 1 |
| Expectancy theory | 1 |
| Expropriation | 1 |
| Externalization | 1 |
| Fauna | 1 |
| Fermentation | 1 |
| Filter (signal processing) | 1 |
| Filtration (mathematics) | 1 |
| Financial crisis | 1 |
| Financial distress | 1 |
| Financial risk | 1 |
| Flexibility (engineering) | 1 |
| Flourishing | 1 |
| Food processing | 1 |
| Food waste | 1 |
| Formative assessment | 1 |
| Frame (networking) | 1 |
| Futures contract | 1 |
| Futures studies | 1 |
| Generalizability theory | 1 |
| Genetic resources | 1 |
| Geospatial analysis | 1 |
| Global commons | 1 |
| Global strategy | 1 |
| Gold rush | 1 |
| Goodness of fit | 1 |
| Grading (engineering) | 1 |
| Granularity | 1 |
| Green marketing | 1 |
| Greening | 1 |
| Group (periodic table) | 1 |
| Group cohesiveness | 1 |
| Group decision-making | 1 |
| Guideline | 1 |
| Happiness | 1 |
| Harm | 1 |
| Harmonization | 1 |
| Health care | 1 |
| Higher education | 1 |
| Historiography | 1 |
| Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory | 1 |
| Holocene | 1 |
| Homogeneous | 1 |
| Human settlement | 1 |
| Hypocrisy | 1 |
| Ideal (ethics) | 1 |
| Impartiality | 1 |
| Imperfect | 1 |
| Inclusion (mineral) | 1 |
| Indonesian | 1 |
| Inequality | 1 |
| Information economics | 1 |
| Information exchange | 1 |
| Instinct | 1 |
| Institutional analysis | 1 |
| Internalism and externalism | 1 |
| Internationalization | 1 |
| Intertidal zone | 1 |
| Intrinsic value (animal ethics) | 1 |
| Invertebrate | 1 |
| Investment banking | 1 |
| Ironstone | 1 |
| Issuer | 1 |
| Job satisfaction | 1 |
| Lagging | 1 |
| Land reclamation | 1 |
| Landscape design | 1 |
| Latin Americans | 1 |
| Legal norm | 1 |
| Liability | 1 |
| Lichen | 1 |
| Limiting | 1 |
| Line (geometry) | 1 |
| Lithology | 1 |
| Loan | 1 |
| Local government | 1 |
| Locale (computer software) | 1 |
| Logistic regression | 1 |
| Logit | 1 |
| Malay | 1 |
| Mammal | 1 |
| Marginal cost | 1 |
| Marginal utility | 1 |
| Marine mammal | 1 |
| Market liquidity | 1 |
| Market penetration | 1 |
| Marketing management | 1 |
| Material efficiency | 1 |
| Material flow | 1 |
| Material flow analysis | 1 |
| Mediterranean climate | 1 |
| Mental health | 1 |
| Metadata | 1 |
| Metropolitan area | 1 |
| Miami | 1 |
| Microanalysis | 1 |
| Microfoundations | 1 |
| Misrepresentation | 1 |
| Moisture | 1 |
| Monopoly | 1 |
| Moral obligation | 1 |
| Multidisciplinary approach | 1 |
| Multilevel model | 1 |
| Multiple-criteria decision analysis | 1 |
| Multivariate statistics | 1 |
| National accounts | 1 |
| National park | 1 |
| Neoliberalism (international relations) | 1 |
| Network effect | 1 |
| New product development | 1 |
| Niche construction | 1 |
| Non-response bias | 1 |
| Notation | 1 |
| Occupancy | 1 |
| Oil spill | 1 |
| Opportunity cost | 1 |
| Ordinary least squares | 1 |
| Organic matter | 1 |
| Organization development | 1 |
| Orientation (vector space) | 1 |
| Ornamental plant | 1 |
| Outcome (game theory) | 1 |
| Outsourcing | 1 |
| Overshoot (microwave communication) | 1 |
| Overwork | 1 |
| Palm | 1 |
| Paradigm shift | 1 |
| Pareto principle | 1 |
| Participatory action research | 1 |
| Particulates | 1 |
| Passerine | 1 |
| Path (computing) | 1 |
| Path analysis (statistics) | 1 |
| Peat | 1 |
| Pelagic zone | 1 |
| Perennial plant | 1 |
| Performance art | 1 |
| Performance measurement | 1 |
| Petroleum | 1 |
| Photoluminescence | 1 |
| Photosynthesis | 1 |
| Planet | 1 |
| Pleistocene | 1 |
| Plural | 1 |
| Pluvial | 1 |
| Point (geometry) | 1 |
| Policy mix | 1 |
| Pollen | 1 |
| Polluter pays principle | 1 |
| Popularity | 1 |
| Positive psychology | 1 |
| Pragmatics | 1 |
| Pragmatism | 1 |
| Precipitation | 1 |
| Predation | 1 |
| Prioritization | 1 |
| Private property | 1 |
| Project finance | 1 |
| Proposition | 1 |
| Prosperity | 1 |
| Provisioning | 1 |
| Public disclosure | 1 |
| Public management | 1 |
| Publication | 1 |
| Quantitative analysis (chemistry) | 1 |
| Rainwater harvesting | 1 |
| Rank (graph theory) | 1 |
| Raw data | 1 |
| Realization (probability) | 1 |
| Receipt | 1 |
| Reflexivity | 1 |
| Regeneration (biology) | 1 |
| Regression analysis | 1 |
| Regulatory reform | 1 |
| Resistance (ecology) | 1 |
| Resource management (computing) | 1 |
| Respondent | 1 |
| Response bias | 1 |
| Restructuring | 1 |
| Reuse | 1 |
| Rhetoric | 1 |
| Rhinoceros | 1 |
| Rigour | 1 |
| Risk assessment | 1 |
| Robot | 1 |
| Rule of thumb | 1 |
| Rural area | 1 |
| Sample size determination | 1 |
| Sanctions | 1 |
| Scalability | 1 |
| Scenario analysis | 1 |
| Science policy | 1 |
| Sediment | 1 |
| Seekers | 1 |
| Selection (genetic algorithm) | 1 |
| Sense of place | 1 |
| Shadow (psychology) | 1 |
| Shore | 1 |
| Simple (philosophy) | 1 |
| Simplicity | 1 |
| Situational ethics | 1 |
| Skepticism | 1 |
| Sketch | 1 |
| Snowball sampling | 1 |
| Social capital | 1 |
| Social change | 1 |
| Social cost | 1 |
| Social enterprise | 1 |
| Social exchange theory | 1 |
| Social learning | 1 |
| Social marketing | 1 |
| Social theory | 1 |
| Social value orientations | 1 |
| Societal impact of nanotechnology | 1 |
| Software | 1 |
| Species diversity | 1 |
| Spillover effect | 1 |
| Sponge | 1 |
| Standardization | 1 |
| Statute | 1 |
| Strategist | 1 |
| Strengths and weaknesses | 1 |
| Stressor | 1 |
| Structuration theory | 1 |
| Subsidy | 1 |
| Summit | 1 |
| Surface runoff | 1 |
| Sustenance | 1 |
| Swamp | 1 |
| Synchronicity | 1 |
| Systems thinking | 1 |
| Tailings | 1 |
| Task (project management) | 1 |
| Taxonomy (biology) | 1 |
| Teamwork | 1 |
| Temperate climate | 1 |
| Temporal scales | 1 |
| Tiger | 1 |
| Tipping point (physics) | 1 |
| Tokenism | 1 |
| Tone (literature) | 1 |
| TRACE (psycholinguistics) | 1 |
| Track (disk drive) | 1 |
| Transformational leadership | 1 |
| Transport infrastructure | 1 |
| Transportation infrastructure | 1 |
| Tree planting | 1 |
| Triangulation | 1 |
| Tropical climate | 1 |
| Turkish | 1 |
| Undergrowth | 1 |
| User fee | 1 |
| User Friendly | 1 |
| Utility maximization | 1 |
| Vetting | 1 |
| Visibility | 1 |
| Water content | 1 |
| Water supply | 1 |
| Weathering | 1 |
| Welfare | 1 |
| Wicked problem | 1 |
| Wind power | 1 |
| Window of opportunity | 1 |
| Wine | 1 |
| Woody plant | 1 |
| Workforce | 1 |
| Working capital | 1 |
| Zero (linguistics) | 1 |
| Zoning | 1 |
Level 3
Code
#|
level <- 3
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
x <- lapply(
flat_snow[["concepts"]],
FUN = function(x) {
if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
return(NULL)
} else {
return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
}
}
) |>
unlist() |>
table() |>
as.data.frame() |>
arrange(desc(Freq))
names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
saveRDS(x, fn)
}
fn |>
readRDS() |>
knitr::kable()| l3_concept | count |
|---|---|
| Ecosystem services | 98 |
| Biodiversity conservation | 57 |
| Sustainability reporting | 42 |
| Convention on Biological Diversity | 32 |
| Originality | 27 |
| Corporate sustainability | 26 |
| Sustainability organizations | 21 |
| Sustainable business | 20 |
| Habitat destruction | 19 |
| Threatened species | 19 |
| Legitimacy | 18 |
| Global biodiversity | 16 |
| Biological dispersal | 15 |
| Investment (military) | 14 |
| New business development | 14 |
| Social sustainability | 14 |
| Product-service system | 13 |
| Livelihood | 12 |
| Stewardship (theology) | 12 |
| Business process | 11 |
| Business analysis | 10 |
| Greenwashing | 10 |
| Integrated reporting | 10 |
| Theory of planned behavior | 10 |
| Planetary boundaries | 9 |
| Environmental management system | 8 |
| Gender diversity | 8 |
| Shareholder | 8 |
| Social entrepreneurship | 8 |
| Biome | 7 |
| Collective action | 7 |
| Electronic business | 7 |
| Marine ecosystem | 7 |
| Stakeholder analysis | 7 |
| Biodiversity hotspot | 6 |
| Environmental governance | 6 |
| Genetic diversity | 6 |
| Habitat fragmentation | 6 |
| Isomorphism (crystallography) | 6 |
| Mainstreaming | 6 |
| Natural resource management | 6 |
| Quality assurance | 6 |
| Sri lanka | 6 |
| Stakeholder theory | 6 |
| Supply chain management | 6 |
| Agricultural biodiversity | 5 |
| Certified wood | 5 |
| Climate change mitigation | 5 |
| Conservation science | 5 |
| Ecological footprint | 5 |
| Endangered species | 5 |
| Global warming | 5 |
| Land use, land-use change and forestry | 5 |
| Thematic analysis | 5 |
| Carbon offset | 4 |
| Commodity chain | 4 |
| Ecosystem management | 4 |
| Ecotourism | 4 |
| Land cover | 4 |
| Marine protected area | 4 |
| Sustainable forest management | 4 |
| Systematic review | 4 |
| Triple bottom line | 4 |
| Amplifier | 3 |
| Articulation (sociology) | 3 |
| Business value | 3 |
| Capitalism | 3 |
| Census | 3 |
| Civil society | 3 |
| Climate change adaptation | 3 |
| Conservation psychology | 3 |
| Conservation status | 3 |
| Constructive | 3 |
| Ecosystem diversity | 3 |
| Ecosystem engineer | 3 |
| Elaeis guineensis | 3 |
| Environmental Sustainability Index | 3 |
| Evidence-based policy | 3 |
| Food web | 3 |
| Free rider problem | 3 |
| Freshwater ecosystem | 3 |
| Global change | 3 |
| Grounded theory | 3 |
| Illegal logging | 3 |
| Insular biogeography | 3 |
| Land management | 3 |
| Marine biodiversity | 3 |
| Organizational field | 3 |
| Quality of Life Research | 3 |
| Similarity (geometry) | 3 |
| Subsidiary | 3 |
| Sustainable Value | 3 |
| Tragedy of the commons | 3 |
| Vertebrate | 3 |
| Wildlife trade | 3 |
| Allele | 2 |
| Amazonian | 2 |
| Audit committee | 2 |
| Carbon footprint | 2 |
| Carbon sequestration | 2 |
| Coal mining | 2 |
| Coase theorem | 2 |
| Collaborative governance | 2 |
| Contingent valuation | 2 |
| Creating shared value | 2 |
| Diction | 2 |
| Disinformation | 2 |
| Dominance (genetics) | 2 |
| Ecological modernization | 2 |
| Economic capital | 2 |
| Elite | 2 |
| Emission intensity | 2 |
| Erasmus+ | 2 |
| Eutrophication | 2 |
| Food security | 2 |
| Forest ecology | 2 |
| Genetic variation | 2 |
| Global public good | 2 |
| Green economy | 2 |
| Hospitality | 2 |
| Hospitality industry | 2 |
| Institutional investor | 2 |
| Intergenerational equity | 2 |
| Internal audit | 2 |
| Land degradation | 2 |
| Marine reserve | 2 |
| Opposition (politics) | 2 |
| Organizational behavior and human resources | 2 |
| Organizational citizenship behavior | 2 |
| Per capita | 2 |
| Phytoplankton | 2 |
| Principal–agent problem | 2 |
| Protocol (science) | 2 |
| Qualitative analysis | 2 |
| Quality audit | 2 |
| Representation (politics) | 2 |
| Robustness (evolution) | 2 |
| Scopus | 2 |
| Socioeconomic status | 2 |
| Subject matter | 2 |
| Subsistence agriculture | 2 |
| Sustainable consumption | 2 |
| Urban climate | 2 |
| Willingness to accept | 2 |
| Adaptive capacity | 1 |
| Agribusiness | 1 |
| Agricultural diversification | 1 |
| Agricultural land | 1 |
| Alien species | 1 |
| Alpha diversity | 1 |
| Approximate Bayesian computation | 1 |
| Aquaculture | 1 |
| Arctic ecology | 1 |
| Arecaceae | 1 |
| Auditor’s report | 1 |
| Beijing | 1 |
| Biological integrity | 1 |
| Biosphere model | 1 |
| Bog | 1 |
| Bureaucracy | 1 |
| Business decision mapping | 1 |
| Business Model Canvas | 1 |
| Bycatch | 1 |
| Capability Maturity Model | 1 |
| Capital good | 1 |
| Carbon accounting | 1 |
| Carbon credit | 1 |
| Carbon fibers | 1 |
| Carbon market | 1 |
| Charismatic authority | 1 |
| Citizenship | 1 |
| Clean Water Act | 1 |
| Climate Finance | 1 |
| Climate governance | 1 |
| Climate justice | 1 |
| Climate pattern | 1 |
| Climate risk | 1 |
| Collateralization | 1 |
| Conference of the parties | 1 |
| Conservation Plan | 1 |
| Corporate communication | 1 |
| Corporate security | 1 |
| Cost-effectiveness analysis | 1 |
| Crop productivity | 1 |
| Data sharing | 1 |
| Decision-making | 1 |
| Democracy | 1 |
| Deposition (geology) | 1 |
| Disinvestment | 1 |
| Diversity index | 1 |
| Earth Summit | 1 |
| Ecological health | 1 |
| Ecological network | 1 |
| Ecological niche | 1 |
| Ecological stability | 1 |
| Economic interventionism | 1 |
| Economic shortage | 1 |
| Electric vehicle | 1 |
| Electronic markets | 1 |
| Emissions trading | 1 |
| Environmental audit | 1 |
| Environmental change | 1 |
| Environmental DNA | 1 |
| Equity capital | 1 |
| Equity theory | 1 |
| European commission | 1 |
| Evidence-based practice | 1 |
| Exploitation of natural resources | 1 |
| Financial capital | 1 |
| Financial market efficiency | 1 |
| Financial statement | 1 |
| Fisheries management | 1 |
| Flood control | 1 |
| Flood mitigation | 1 |
| Flora (microbiology) | 1 |
| Foreign ownership | 1 |
| Forest protection | 1 |
| Frame analysis | 1 |
| Free riding | 1 |
| Gap analysis (conservation) | 1 |
| Genome | 1 |
| Genotype | 1 |
| Geographical distance | 1 |
| Green consumption | 1 |
| Grus (genus) | 1 |
| Habitat conservation | 1 |
| Health services research | 1 |
| Human–wildlife conflict | 1 |
| Inbreeding | 1 |
| Indigenous rights | 1 |
| Industrial ecology | 1 |
| Infectious disease (medical specialty) | 1 |
| Innovator | 1 |
| Institutionalism | 1 |
| Integrated farming | 1 |
| Internalization | 1 |
| Internalization theory | 1 |
| Intrapreneurship | 1 |
| IUCN protected area categories | 1 |
| Keystone species | 1 |
| Kyoto Protocol | 1 |
| Lake ecosystem | 1 |
| Land tenure | 1 |
| Landscape archaeology | 1 |
| Least-squares function approximation | 1 |
| Legitimation | 1 |
| Mainland China | 1 |
| Management control system | 1 |
| Marine debris | 1 |
| Marxist philosophy | 1 |
| Megafauna | 1 |
| Mobile robot | 1 |
| Multi-level governance | 1 |
| Native plant | 1 |
| Natural heritage | 1 |
| Natural monopoly | 1 |
| Odds | 1 |
| Offshore wind power | 1 |
| Organizational justice | 1 |
| Organizational studies | 1 |
| Overfishing | 1 |
| Panacea (medicine) | 1 |
| Pareto optimal | 1 |
| Path coefficient | 1 |
| Philosophy of business | 1 |
| Photosynthetically active radiation | 1 |
| Phylogenetic tree | 1 |
| Physical capital | 1 |
| Poaching | 1 |
| Political action | 1 |
| Political culture | 1 |
| Political ecology | 1 |
| Pollination | 1 |
| Population size | 1 |
| Porter hypothesis | 1 |
| Price premium | 1 |
| Primary production | 1 |
| Product management | 1 |
| Project commissioning | 1 |
| Promotion (chess) | 1 |
| Quality assessment | 1 |
| Relationship marketing | 1 |
| Relative species abundance | 1 |
| Resource-based view | 1 |
| Return on investment | 1 |
| Revenue model | 1 |
| Rhizosphere | 1 |
| Riparian zone | 1 |
| Risk perception | 1 |
| Rumen | 1 |
| Rural poverty | 1 |
| Salmo | 1 |
| Sampling (signal processing) | 1 |
| Sandhill | 1 |
| Snag | 1 |
| Social accounting | 1 |
| Social contract | 1 |
| Soil contamination | 1 |
| Soil organic matter | 1 |
| Soil test | 1 |
| Species evenness | 1 |
| Stakeholder management | 1 |
| Stock market | 1 |
| Stormwater | 1 |
| Strategic alliance | 1 |
| Strategic environmental assessment | 1 |
| Strategic financial management | 1 |
| Stream restoration | 1 |
| Summative assessment | 1 |
| Sustainable agriculture | 1 |
| Sustainable energy | 1 |
| Sustainable production | 1 |
| Sustainable tourism | 1 |
| Taxonomic rank | 1 |
| Terrestrial ecosystem | 1 |
| The Conceptual Framework | 1 |
| Traditional knowledge | 1 |
| Transferability | 1 |
| Trout | 1 |
| Tundra | 1 |
| Univariate | 1 |
| Urban ecosystem | 1 |
| Urban sprawl | 1 |
| Value capture | 1 |
| Value network | 1 |
| Voting | 1 |
| Water infrastructure | 1 |
| Watershed management | 1 |
| Wilderness area | 1 |
| Wildlife corridor | 1 |
| Winery | 1 |
Level 4
Code
#|
level <- 4
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
x <- lapply(
flat_snow[["concepts"]],
FUN = function(x) {
if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
return(NULL)
} else {
return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
}
}
) |>
unlist() |>
table() |>
as.data.frame() |>
arrange(desc(Freq))
names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
saveRDS(x, fn)
}
fn |>
readRDS() |>
knitr::kable()| l4_concept | count |
|---|---|
| Measurement of biodiversity | 33 |
| Natural capital | 19 |
| Payment for ecosystem services | 12 |
| Business process modeling | 9 |
| Business rule | 9 |
| Ecosystem health | 8 |
| Business relationship management | 7 |
| Sustainability science | 6 |
| Extinction debt | 4 |
| Alien | 3 |
| Critically endangered | 3 |
| Extinction event | 3 |
| Local extinction | 3 |
| Metapopulation | 3 |
| Near-threatened species | 3 |
| Net gain | 3 |
| Effective population size | 2 |
| Environmental scanning | 2 |
| Microsatellite | 2 |
| Millennium Ecosystem Assessment | 2 |
| Agency cost | 1 |
| Algal bloom | 1 |
| Brown trout | 1 |
| Business architecture | 1 |
| Capital formation | 1 |
| Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | 1 |
| Decision engineering | 1 |
| Defaunation | 1 |
| Employer branding | 1 |
| External auditor | 1 |
| Forest degradation | 1 |
| Forest restoration | 1 |
| Gamma diversity | 1 |
| Gene flow | 1 |
| Genetic divergence | 1 |
| Genetic structure | 1 |
| Genetic variability | 1 |
| Genomics | 1 |
| Global temperature | 1 |
| Inbreeding depression | 1 |
| Influencer marketing | 1 |
| Intact forest landscape | 1 |
| Joint audit | 1 |
| Landscape connectivity | 1 |
| Phylogenetic diversity | 1 |
| Pollinator | 1 |
| Primary producers | 1 |
| Propagule pressure | 1 |
| Rank abundance curve | 1 |
| Relative abundance distribution | 1 |
| Remotely operated underwater vehicle | 1 |
| Revenue assurance | 1 |
| Salvage logging | 1 |
| Seed dispersal | 1 |
| Shareholder value | 1 |
| Stewardship theory | 1 |
| Stock market index | 1 |
| Strategic sourcing | 1 |
| Trophic cascade | 1 |
| United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | 1 |
Level 5
Code
#|
level <- 5
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
x <- lapply(
flat_snow[["concepts"]],
FUN = function(x) {
if (isTRUE(is.na(x))) {
return(NULL)
} else {
return(x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level])
}
}
) |>
unlist() |>
table() |>
as.data.frame() |>
arrange(desc(Freq))
names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
saveRDS(x, fn)
}
fn |>
readRDS() |>
knitr::kable()| l5_concept | count |
|---|---|
| Artifact-centric business process model | 9 |
| Business transformation | 5 |
| Ecosystem valuation | 3 |
| Auditor independence | 1 |
| Business domain | 1 |
| Conservation-dependent species | 1 |
| Conservation genetics | 1 |
| Depreciation (economics) | 1 |
| Genetic monitoring | 1 |
| Isolation by distance | 1 |
| Pandemic | 1 |
| Population bottleneck | 1 |
| Total human ecosystem | 1 |
Bibliographic
Reuse
Citation
BibTeX citation:
@report{krug,
author = {Krug, Rainer M. and Nguyen, Tuan},
title = {Snowball Sampling {BBA} {Chapter} 5},
date = {},
doi = {99.99.99999999},
langid = {en},
abstract = {A snowball literature using
{[}OpenAlex{]}(https://openalex.org/) will be conducted and all
steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of
Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.}
}
For attribution, please cite this work as:
Krug, Rainer M., and Tuan Nguyen. n.d. “Snowball Sampling BBA
Chapter 5.” IPBES Data Management Report. https://doi.org/99.99.99999999.